Difference between revisions of "cpp/language"

Revision as of 14:47, 6 June 2011

Template:cpp/language/sidebar This is a brief reference of available C++ constructs.

General topics

Preprocessor

Keywords

ASCII chart

Escape sequences

Flow control

Conditional execution statements

Different code paths are executed according to the value of given expression

• if executes code conditionally
• switch executes code according to the value of an integral argument

Iteration statements

The same code is executed several times

• for executes loop
• while executes loop, checking condition before each iteration
• do-while executes loop, checking condition after each iteration

Jump statements

Continue execution at a different location

• continue skips the remaining part of the enclosing loop body
• break terminates the enclosing loop
• goto continues execution in another location
• return terminates execution of the enclosing function

Functions

The same code can be reused at different locations in the program

• declaring functions
• exception specifications enforces the function to throw only specific exceptions or not to throw at all (deprecated)
• noexcept specifier enforces the function not to throw any exceptions Template:mark c++0x
• inline specifier hints the compiler to insert a function's body directly to the calling code

Exceptions

Exceptions are a more robust way to signal error condition than function return codes or global error variables

• throw expression signals an error and transfers control to error handler
• try-catch block catches exceptions originating from specific block of code

Namespaces

Namespaces provide a way to prevent name clashes in large projects

• declaring namespaces
• namespace aliases

Types

• fundamental types define basic character, integer and floating point types
• compound types define types, holding several members of (potentially) different types
• function types define types, holding a pointer to a function
• decltype specifier defines a type, equivalent to the type of an expression Template:mark c++0x

Specifiers

• cv specifiers specifies constness and volatility of a type
• storage duration specifiers specifies storage duration of a type
• constexpr specifier specifies that the value of a variable or function can be computed at compile time Template:mark c++0x
• auto specifier specifies that the actual type shall be defined from the expression, assigned to the variable Template:mark c++0x

Operators

• operators allows the use of syntax commonly found in mathematics

• operator precedence the order in which operators are evaluated
• alternative representations alternative spellings for some of the operators

Utilities

• standard conversions implicit conversions from one type to another
• explicit conversions explicit conversions from one type to another

• new expression allocates memory dynamically
• delete expression deallocates memory dynamically
• typedef declaration creates a synonym for a type
• type alias declaration creates a synonym for a type
• attributes defines additional information about variable Template:mark c++0x

Classes

Classes provide the concept of object-oriented programming in C++

• declaring a class
• access specifiers
• ignoring access specifiers
• initializer lists

Special member functions

• default constructor initializes the object with default contents
• copy constructor initializes the object with the contents of another object
• move constructor initializes the object with the contents of other, temporary object, minimizing copying overhead Template:mark c++0x
• assignment operator replaces the contents of the object with the contents of another object
• move assignment operator replaces the contents of the object with the contents of other, temporary object, minimizing copying overhead Template:mark c++0x
• destructor releases claimed resources

Templates

Allows functions and classes to operate on generic types

• declaring a template