Difference between revisions of "cpp/language"

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Difference between revisions of "cpp/language"

Revision as of 20:02, 18 July 2023

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-#REDIRECT [[Rust]]
+{{title|C++ language}}
+{{cpp/language/navbar}}
+This is a reference of the core C++ language constructs.
+{| cellpadding="5"
+|- valign="top"
+|
+'''{{rl|basic concepts|Basic concepts}}'''
+<div class="mainpagediv">
+{{rlp|comment|Comments}}<br>
+{{rl|ascii|ASCII chart}}<br>
+{{rl|punctuators|Punctuation}}<br>
+{{rl|identifiers|Names and identifiers}}<br>
+{{rl|type|Types}} –
+{{rl|types|Fundamental types}}<br>
+{{rl|object|Object}} –
+{{rl|scope|Scope}} –
+{{rl|lifetime|Lifetime}}<br>
+{{rl|definition|Definitions and ODR}}<br>
+{{rl|lookup|Name lookup}}<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rl|qualified lookup|qualified}} – {{rl|unqualified lookup|unqualified}} ({{rl|adl|ADL}})<br>
+{{rl|as if|As-if rule}}<br>
+{{rl|ub|Undefined behavior (UB)}}<br>
+{{rl|memory model|Memory model and data races}}<br>
+{{rl|charset|Character sets and encodings}}<br>
+{{rl|translation phases|Phases of translation}}<br>
+{{rl|main function|The {{tt|main}} function}}<br>
+{{rl|modules|Modules}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
+</div>
+'''{{rlp|keyword|Keywords}}'''
+<div class="mainpagediv">
+<!--  -->
+</div>
+'''{{rlp|preprocessor|Preprocessor}}'''
+<div class="mainpagediv">
+{{rlp|preprocessor/conditional|{{tt|#if}} - {{tt|#ifdef}} - {{tt|#ifndef}} - {{tt|#elif}}}}<br>
+{{rlp|preprocessor/conditional|{{tt|#elifdef}} - {{tt|#elifndef}}}} {{mark c++23}}<br>
+{{rlp|preprocessor/replace|{{tt|#define}} - {{tt|#}} - {{tt|##}}}}<br>
+{{rlpt|preprocessor/include|#include}} -
+{{rlpt|preprocessor/impl|#pragma}}<br>
+{{rlpt|preprocessor/line|#line}} -
+{{rlp|preprocessor/error|{{tt|#error}} - {{tt|#warning}}}} {{mark c++23}}<br>
+</div>
+'''{{rl|expressions|Expressions}}'''
+<div class="mainpagediv">
+{{rl|value category|Value categories}}<br>
+{{rl|eval order|Evaluation order and sequencing}}<br>
+{{rl|constant expression|Constant expressions}}<br>
+{{rl|expressions#Operators|Operators}}<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rl|operator assignment|assignment}} –
+{{rl|operator arithmetic|arithmetic}}<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rl|operator incdec|increment and decrement}}<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rl|operator logical|logical}} –
+{{rl|operator comparison|comparison}}<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rl|operator member access|member access and indirection}}<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rl|operator other|call, comma, ternary}}<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rlt|sizeof}} – {{rlt|alignof}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rlt|new}} – {{rlt|delete}} – {{rlt|typeid}}<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rl|operator_alternative|alternative representation}}<br>
+{{rl|operators|Operator overloading}}<br>
+{{rl|default comparisons|Default comparisons}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
+{{rl|operator precedence|Operator precedence}}<br>
+{{rl|expressions#Conversions|Conversions}}<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rl|implicit conversion|implicit}} –
+{{rl|explicit cast|explicit}} –
+{{rl|cast operator|user-defined}}<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rl|usual arithmetic conversions|Usual arithmetic conversions}}<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rlt|static_cast}} – {{rlt|dynamic_cast}}<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rlt|const_cast}} – {{rlt|reinterpret_cast}}<br>
+{{rl|expressions#Literals|Literals}} ({{rl|escape|Escape sequences}})<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rl|bool literal|boolean}} –
+{{rl|integer literal|integer}} –
+{{rl|floating literal|floating}}<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rl|character literal|character}} –
+{{rl|string literal|string}}<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rlt|nullptr}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{nbsp}} {{rl|user literal|user-defined (UDL)}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+</div>
+|
+'''{{rl|declarations|Declarations}}'''
+<div class="mainpagediv">
+{{rl|namespace|Namespace declaration}}<br>
+{{rl|namespace alias|Namespace alias}}<br>
+{{rl|reference|References}} –
+{{rl|pointer|Pointers}} –
+{{rl|array|Arrays}}<br>
+{{rl|structured binding|Structured bindings}} {{mark c++17}}<br>
+{{rl|enum|Enumerations and enumerators}}<br>
+{{rl|storage duration|Storage duration and linkage}}<br>
+{{rl|tu local|Translation-unit-local}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
+{{rl|language linkage|Language linkage}}<br>
+{{rl|inline|{{tt|inline}} specifier}}<br>
+{{rl|asm|Inline assembly}}<br>
+{{rl|cv|{{tt|const}}/{{tt|volatile}}}}<br>
+{{rlt|constexpr}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rlt|consteval}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
+{{rlt|constinit}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
+{{rlt|decltype}} {{mark c++11}} – {{rlt|auto}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rlt|typedef}} – {{rl|type alias|Type alias}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rl|elaborated type specifier|Elaborated type specifiers}}<br>
+{{rl|attributes|Attributes}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rlt|alignas}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rlt|static_assert}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+</div>
+'''{{rl|initialization|Initialization}}'''
+<div class="mainpagediv">
+{{rl|default initialization|Default initialization}}<br>
+{{rl|value initialization|Value initialization}}<br>
+{{rl|copy initialization|Copy initialization}}<br>
+{{rl|direct initialization|Direct initialization}}<br>
+{{rl|aggregate initialization|Aggregate initialization}}<br>
+{{rl|list initialization|List initialization}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rl|reference initialization|Reference initialization}}<br>
+{{rl|initialization#Non-local variables|Static non-local initialization}}<br>
+{{nbsp}}{{rl|zero initialization|zero}} – {{rl|constant initialization|constant}}<br>
+{{rl|initialization#Non-local variables|Dynamic non-local initialization}}<br>
+{{nbsp}}{{rl|initialization#Non-local variables|ordered}} – {{rl|initialization#Non-local variables|unordered}}<br>
+{{rl|copy elision|Copy elision (RVO)}}
+</div>
+'''{{rl|functions|Functions}}'''
+<div class="mainpagediv">
+{{rl|function|Function declaration}}<br>
+{{rl|default arguments|Default arguments}}<br>
+{{rl|variadic arguments|Variadic arguments}}<br>
+{{rl|lambda|Lambda expression}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rl|adl|Argument-dependent lookup}}<br>
+{{rl|overload resolution|Overload resolution}}<br>
+{{rl|operators|Operator overloading}}<br>
+{{rl|overloaded address|Address of an overload set}}<br>
+{{rl|coroutines|Coroutines}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
+</div>
+'''{{rl|statements|Statements}}'''
+<div class="mainpagediv">
+{{rlt|if}} –
+{{rlt|switch}}<br>
+{{rlt|for}} –
+{{rl|range-for|range-{{tt|for}}}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rlt|while}} – {{rl|do|{{tt|do}}-{{tt|while}}}}<br>
+{{rlt|continue}} –
+{{rlt|break}} –
+{{rlt|goto}} –
+{{rlt|return}}<br>
+{{rl|transactional memory|{{tt|synchronized}} and {{tt|atomic}}}} {{mark since tm ts}}<br>
+</div>
+|
+'''{{rl|classes|Classes}}'''
+<div class="mainpagediv">
+{{rl|class|Class types}} –
+{{rl|union|Union types}}<br>
+{{rl|injected-class-name}}<br>
+{{rl|data members|Data members}} –
+{{rl|bit field|Bit-fields}}<br>
+{{rl|member functions|Member functions}} –
+{{rl|this|The {{tt|this}} pointer}}<br>
+{{rl|static|Static members}} –
+{{rl|nested types|Nested classes}}<br>
+{{rl|derived class|Derived class}} –
+{{rl|using declaration|{{tt|using}}-declaration}}<br>
+{{rl|ebo|Empty base optimization (EBO)}}<br>
+{{rl|virtual|Virtual function}} –
+{{rl|abstract class|Abstract class (ABC)}}<br>
+{{rlt|override}} {{mark c++11}} – {{rlt|final}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rl|access|Member access}} –
+{{rlt|friend}}<br>
+{{rl|constructor|Constructors and member initializer lists}}<br>
+{{rl|default constructor|Default constructor}} –
+{{rl|destructor|Destructor}}<br>
+{{rl|copy constructor|Copy constructor}} –
+{{rl|copy assignment|Copy assignment}}<br>
+{{rl|move constructor|Move constructor}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rl|move assignment|Move assignment}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rl|converting constructor|Converting constructor}}<br>
+{{rl|explicit|{{tt|explicit}} specifier}}<br>
+</div>
+'''{{rl|templates|Templates}}'''
+<div class="mainpagediv">
+{{rl|template parameters|Template parameters and arguments}}<br>
+{{rl|class template|Class template}} –
+{{rl|function template|Function template}}<br>
+{{rl|variable template|Variable template}} {{mark c++14}}<br>
+{{rl|member template|Class member template}}<br>
+{{rl|template argument deduction|Template argument deduction}}<br>
+{{rl|class template argument deduction|Class template argument deduction (CTAD)}} {{mark c++17}}<br>
+{{rl|template specialization|Explicit specialization}} – {{rl|partial specialization|Partial specialization}}<br>
+{{rl|parameter pack|Parameter packs}} {{mark c++11}} –
+{{rlt|sizeof...}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rl|fold|Fold-expressions}} {{mark c++17}}<br>
+{{rl|dependent name|Dependent names}} –
+{{rl|sfinae|SFINAE}}<br>
+{{rl|constraints|Constraints and concepts}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
+{{rl|requires|Requires expression}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
+</div>
+'''{{rl|exceptions|Exceptions}}'''
+<div class="mainpagediv">
+{{rl|throw|{{tt|throw}}-expression}}<br>
+{{rl|try catch|{{tt|try}}-{{tt|catch}} block}}<br>
+{{rl|function-try-block|Function-{{tt|try}}-block}}<br>
+{{rl|noexcept spec|{{tt|noexcept}} specifier}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rl|noexcept|{{tt|noexcept}} operator}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rl|except spec|Dynamic exception specification}} {{mark tooltip|until C++17|deprecated in C++11}}<br>
+</div>
+'''Miscellaneous'''
+<div class="mainpagediv">
+{{rl|history|History of C++}}<br>
+{{rl|extending std|Extending the namespace std}}<br>
+{{rl|acronyms|Acronyms}}:
+[[cpp/ranges/cpo|CPO]],
+[[cpp/language/ndr|IFNDR]],
+[[cpp/language/ndr|NDR]],
+[[cpp/string/byte|NTBS]],<br>
+[[cpp/language/template_parameters|NTTP]],
+[[cpp/ranges#Range adaptor objects|RAO]],
+[[cpp/memory/allocator_traits/select_on_container_copy_construction|SOCCC]],
+[[cpp/language/template metaprogramming|TMP]],
+[[cpp/language/translation phases#Phase 8|TU]]
+</div>
+'''Idioms'''
+<div class="mainpagediv">
+{{rl|crtp|Curiously Recurring Template Pattern (CRTP)}}<br>
+{{rl|pimpl|Pointer to implementation (PIMPL)}}<br>
+{{rl|raii|Resource acquisition is initialization (RAII)}}<br>
+{{rl|rule of three|Rule of three/five/zero}}<br>
+{{rl|Zero-overhead principle|Zero-overhead principle}}<br>
+</div>
+|}
+===See also===
+{{dsc begin}}
+{{dsc see c|c/language|C language constructs|nomono=true}}
+{{dsc end}}
+{{langlinks|ar|de|es|fr|it|ja|ko|pl|pt|ru|tr|zh}}