Difference between revisions of "cpp/io/manip/endl"

Latest revision as of 16:43, 23 September 2023

Defined in header `<ostream>`
template< class CharT, class Traits > std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& endl( std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& os );

Inserts a newline character into the output sequence os and flushes it as if by calling os.put(os.widen('\n')) followed by os.flush().

This is an output-only I/O manipulator, it may be called with an expression such as out << std::endl for any out of type std::basic_ostream.

This manipulator may be used to produce a line of output immediately, e.g. when displaying output from a long-running process, logging activity of multiple threads or logging activity of a program that may crash unexpectedly. An explicit flush of std::cout is also necessary before a call to std::system, if the spawned process performs any screen I/O. In most other usual interactive I/O scenarios, std::endl is redundant when used with std::cout because any input from std::cin, output to std::cerr, or program termination forces a call to std::cout.flush(). Use of std::endl in place of '\n', encouraged by some sources, may significantly degrade output performance.

In many implementations, standard output is line-buffered, and writing '\n' causes a flush anyway, unless std::ios::sync_with_stdio(false) was executed. In those situations, unnecessary endl only degrades the performance of file output, not standard output.

The code samples on this wiki follow Bjarne Stroustrup and The C++ Core Guidelines in flushing the standard output only where necessary.

When an incomplete line of output needs to be flushed, the std::flush manipulator may be used.

When every character of output needs to be flushed, the std::unitbuf manipulator may be used.

[edit] Parameters

os

-

reference to output stream

[edit] Return value

os (reference to the stream after manipulation).

[edit] Example

With '\n' instead of endl, the output would be the same, but may not appear in real time.

Run this code

#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>
 
template<typename Diff>
void log_progress(Diff d)
{
    std::cout << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(d)
              << " passed" << std::endl;
}
 
int main()
{
    std::cout.sync_with_stdio(false); // on some platforms, stdout flushes on \n
 
    static volatile int sink{};
    const auto t1 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
    {
        for (int j = 0; j < 10000; ++j)
            for (int k = 0; k < 20000; ++k)
                sink += i * j * k; // do some work
        log_progress(std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - t1);
    }
}

Possible output:

566ms passed
1133ms passed
1699ms passed
2262ms passed
2829ms passed

[edit] See also

unitbufnounitbuf	controls whether output is flushed after each operation (function) [edit]
flush	flushes the output stream (function template) [edit]
flush	synchronizes with the underlying storage device (public member function of `std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>`) [edit]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{cpp/title|endl}}
 {{cpp/io/manip/navbar}}
-{{ddcl | header=ostream |
+{{ddcl|header=ostream|
 template< class CharT, class Traits >
-std::basic_ostream<charT,traits>& endl( std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& os );
+std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& endl( std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& os );
 }}
-Inserts a endline character into the output sequence {{tt|os}} and flushes it as if by calling {{c|os.put(os.widen('\n'))}} followed by {{c|os.flush()}}.
+Inserts a newline character into the output sequence {{c|os}} and flushes it as if by calling {{c|os.put(os.widen('\n'))}} followed by {{c|os.flush()}}.
-This is an output-only I/O manipulator, it may be called with an expression such as {{c|out << std::endl}} for any {{tt|out}} of type {{c|std::basic_ostream}}.
+This is an output-only I/O manipulator, it may be called with an expression such as {{c|out << std::endl}} for any {{tt|out}} of type {{lc|std::basic_ostream}}.
 ===Notes===
-This manipulator may be used to produce a line of output immediately, e.g. when displaying output from a long-running process, logging activity of multiple threads or logging activity of a program that may crash unexpectedly. An explicit flush  of {{c|std::cout}} is also necessary before a call to {{c|std::system}}, if the spawned process performs any screen I/O (a common example is {{c|std::system("pause")}} on Windows). In most other usual interactive I/O scenarios, {{c|std::endl}} is redundant when used with {{c|std::cout}} because any input from {{c|std::cin}}, output to {{c|std::cerr}}, or program termination forces a call to {{c|std::cout.flush()}}. Use of {{c|std::endl}} in place of {{c|'\n'}}, encouraged by some sources, may significantly degrade output performance.
+This manipulator may be used to produce a line of output immediately, e.g. when displaying output from a long-running process, logging activity of multiple threads or logging activity of a program that may crash unexpectedly. An explicit flush  of {{lc|std::cout}} is also necessary before a call to {{lc|std::system}}, if the spawned process performs any screen I/O.<!--couldn't reproduce in VS2013, did it change? ---- (a common example is {{c|std::system("pause")}} on Windows).--> In most other usual interactive I/O scenarios, {{tt|std::endl}} is redundant when used with {{lc|std::cout}} because any input from {{lc|std::cin}}, output to {{lc|std::cerr}}, or program termination forces a call to {{c|std::cout.flush()}}. Use of {{tt|std::endl}} in place of {{c/core|'\n'}}, encouraged by some sources, may significantly degrade output performance.
-In many implementations, standard output is line-buffered, and writing {{c|'\n'}} causes a flush anyway, unless {{c|std::cout.sync_with_stdio(false)}} was executed. In those situations, unnecessary {{tt|endl}} only degrades the performance of file output, not standard output.
+In many implementations, standard output is line-buffered, and writing {{c/core|'\n'}} causes a flush anyway, unless {{c|std::ios::sync_with_stdio(false)}} was executed. In those situations, unnecessary {{tt|endl}} only degrades the performance of file output, not standard output.
-The code samples on this wiki [http://www2.research.att.com/~bs/3rd_code.html follow Bjarne Stroustrup] in flushing the standard output only where necessary.
+The code samples on this wiki [https://www.stroustrup.com/3rd_code.html follow Bjarne Stroustrup] and [https://isocpp.github.io/CppCoreGuidelines/CppCoreGuidelines#Rio-endl The C++ Core Guidelines] in flushing the standard output only where necessary.
-When an incomplete line of output needs to be flushed, the {{c|std::flush}} manipulator may be used.
+When an incomplete line of output needs to be flushed, the {{lc|std::flush}} manipulator may be used.
-When every character of output needs to be flushed, the {{c|std::unitbuf}} manipulator may be used.
+When every character of output needs to be flushed, the {{lc|std::unitbuf}} manipulator may be used.
 ===Parameters===
-{{param list begin}}
+{{par begin}}
-{{param list item | os | reference to output stream }}
+{{par|os|reference to output stream}}
-{{param list end}}
+{{par end}}
 ===Return value===
+{{c|os}} (reference to the stream after manipulation).
-{{tt|os}} (reference to the stream after manipulation)
 ===Example===
 {{example
- | With \n instead of endl, the output would be the same, but may not appear in real time.
+|With {{c/core|'\n'}} instead of {{tt|endl}}, the output would be the same, but may not appear in real time.
- | code=
+|code=
+#include <chrono>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <chrono>
 template<typename Diff>
 void log_progress(Diff d)
 {
-     std::cout << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(d).count()
+     std::cout << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(d)
-               << " ms passed" << std::endl;
+               << " passed" << std::endl;
 }
 int main()
 {
      std::cout.sync_with_stdio(false); // on some platforms, stdout flushes on \n
-     volatile int sink=0;
+     static volatile int sink{};
-     auto t1 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+     const auto t1 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
-     for(int j=0; j<5; ++j)
+     for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
      {
-         for(int n=0; n<10000; ++n)
+         for (int j = 0; j < 10000; ++j)
-             for(int m=0; m<20000; ++m)
+             for (int k = 0; k < 20000; ++k)
-                 sink += m*n; // do some work
+                 sink += i * j * k; // do some work
-         auto now = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+         log_progress(std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - t1);
-        log_progress(now - t1);
      }
 }
- | output=
+|p=true
-ms passed
+|output=
 ms passed
 ms passed
 ms passed
 ms passed
+ms passed
 }}
 ===See also===
-{{dcl list begin}}
+{{dsc begin}}
-{{dcl list template | cpp/io/manip/dcl list unitbuf}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/io/manip/dsc unitbuf}}
-{{dcl list template | cpp/io/manip/dcl list flush}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/io/manip/dsc flush}}
-{{dcl list template | cpp/io/basic_ostream/dcl list flush | mem=std::basic_ostream}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/io/basic_ostream/dsc flush}}
-{{dcl list end}}
+{{dsc end}}
-[[de:cpp/io/manip/endl]]
+{{langlinks|de|es|fr|it|ja|pt|ru|zh}}
-[[es:cpp/io/manip/endl]]
-[[fr:cpp/io/manip/endl]]
-[[it:cpp/io/manip/endl]]
-[[ja:cpp/io/manip/endl]]
-[[pt:cpp/io/manip/endl]]
-[[ru:cpp/io/manip/endl]]
-[[zh:cpp/io/manip/endl]]

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Difference between revisions of "cpp/io/manip/endl"

Latest revision as of 16:43, 23 September 2023

Contents

[edit] Notes

[edit] Parameters

[edit] Return value

[edit] Example

[edit] See also

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