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Difference between revisions of "cpp/algorithm/inplace merge"

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< cpp‎ | algorithm
m (→‎Complexity: perhaps inside an inline-revision-box (i.e. {{rev inl}}) the {{c/core}} tag is preferable to {{c}} ((here and many other places).)
m (Undo revision 170698 by Space Mission (talk), I am using {{c}} for std::less{} because it is an expression.)
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Given {{mathjax-or|\(\scriptsize N\)|N}} as {{c|std::distance(first, last)}}:
 
Given {{mathjax-or|\(\scriptsize N\)|N}} as {{c|std::distance(first, last)}}:
  
−
@1@ Exactly {{mathjax-or|\(\scriptsize N-1\)|N-1}} comparisons using {{rev inl|until=c++20|{{c/core|operator<}}}}{{rev inl|since=c++20|{{c/core|std::less{}<!---->}}}} if enough additional memory is available, {{mathjax-or|\(\scriptsize O(N \cdot \log(N))\)|O(N⋅log(N))}} comparisons otherwise.
+
@1@ Exactly {{mathjax-or|\(\scriptsize N-1\)|N-1}} comparisons using {{rev inl|until=c++20|{{c/core|operator<}}}}{{rev inl|since=c++20|{{c|std::less{}<!---->}}}} if enough additional memory is available, {{mathjax-or|\(\scriptsize O(N \cdot \log(N))\)|O(N⋅log(N))}} comparisons otherwise.
  
−
@2@ {{mathjax-or|\(\scriptsize O(N \cdot \log(N))\)|O(N⋅log(N))}} comparisons using {{rev inl|until=c++20|{{c/core|operator<}}}}{{rev inl|since=c++20|{{c/core|std::less{}<!---->}}}}.
+
@2@ {{mathjax-or|\(\scriptsize O(N \cdot \log(N))\)|O(N⋅log(N))}} comparisons using {{rev inl|until=c++20|{{c/core|operator<}}}}{{rev inl|since=c++20|{{c|std::less{}<!---->}}}}.
  
 
@3@ Exactly {{mathjax-or|\(\scriptsize N-1\)|N-1}} applications of the comparison function {{c|comp}} if enough additional memory is available, {{mathjax-or|\(\scriptsize O(N \cdot \log(N))\)|O(N⋅log(N))}} applications otherwise.
 
@3@ Exactly {{mathjax-or|\(\scriptsize N-1\)|N-1}} applications of the comparison function {{c|comp}} if enough additional memory is available, {{mathjax-or|\(\scriptsize O(N \cdot \log(N))\)|O(N⋅log(N))}} applications otherwise.

Revision as of 17:33, 8 April 2024

 
C++
 
Algorithm library
Constrained algorithms and algorithms on ranges (C++20)
Constrained algorithms, e.g. ranges::copy, ranges::sort, ...
Execution policies (C++17)
Non-modifying sequence operations
Batch operations
(C++17)
Search operations
(C++11)                (C++11)(C++11)

Modifying sequence operations
Copy operations
(C++11)
(C++11)
(C++11)
Swap operations
Transformation operations
Generation operations
Removing operations
Order-changing operations
(until C++17)(C++11)
(C++20)(C++20)
Sampling operations
(C++17)

Sorting and related operations
Partitioning operations
Sorting operations
Binary search operations
(on partitioned ranges)
Set operations (on sorted ranges)
Merge operations (on sorted ranges)
inplace_merge
Heap operations
Minimum/maximum operations
(C++11)
(C++17)
Lexicographical comparison operations
(C++20)
Permutation operations
C library
Numeric operations
Operations on uninitialized memory
 
Defined in header <algorithm>
template< class BidirIt >
void inplace_merge( BidirIt first, BidirIt middle, BidirIt last );
 (1) (constexpr since C++26)
template< class ExecutionPolicy, class BidirIt >

void inplace_merge( ExecutionPolicy&& policy,

                    BidirIt first, BidirIt middle, BidirIt last );
 (2) (since C++17)
template< class BidirIt, class Compare >

void inplace_merge( BidirIt first, BidirIt middle, BidirIt last,

                    Compare comp );
 (3) (constexpr since C++26)
template< class ExecutionPolicy, class BidirIt, class Compare >

void inplace_merge( ExecutionPolicy&& policy,
                    BidirIt first, BidirIt middle, BidirIt last,

                    Compare comp );
 (4) (since C++17)

Merges two consecutive sorted ranges [first, middle) and [middle, last) into one sorted range [first, last).

1) If [first, middle) or [middle, last) is not sorted with respect to operator<(until C++20)std::less{}(since C++20), the behavior is undefined.
3) If [first, middle) or [middle, last) is not sorted with respect to comp, the behavior is undefined.
2,4) Same as (1,3), but executed according to policy.
These overloads participate in overload resolution only if

std::is_execution_policy_v<std::decay_t<ExecutionPolicy>> is true.

(until C++20)

std::is_execution_policy_v<std::remove_cvref_t<ExecutionPolicy>> is true.

(since C++20)

This merge function is stable, which means that for equivalent elements in the original two ranges, the elements from the first range (preserving their original order) precede the elements from the second range (preserving their original order).

If any of the following conditions is satisfied, the behavior is undefined:

  • [first, middle) or [middle, last) is not a valid range.
  • The output range overlaps with [first, middle) or [middle, last).
(until C++11)
(since C++11)

Contents

Parameters

first - the beginning of the first sorted range
middle - the end of the first sorted range and the beginning of the second
last - the end of the second sorted range
policy - the execution policy to use. See execution policy for details.
comp - comparison function object (i.e. an object that satisfies the requirements of Compare) which returns ​true if the first argument is less than (i.e. is ordered before) the second.

The signature of the comparison function should be equivalent to the following:

bool cmp(const Type1& a, const Type2& b);

While the signature does not need to have const&, the function must not modify the objects passed to it and must be able to accept all values of type (possibly const) Type1 and Type2 regardless of value category (thus, Type1& is not allowed, nor is Type1 unless for Type1 a move is equivalent to a copy(since C++11)).
The types Type1 and Type2 must be such that an object of type BidirIt can be dereferenced and then implicitly converted to both of them. ​

Type requirements
-
BidirIt must meet the requirements of LegacyBidirectionalIterator.
-
Compare must meet the requirements of Compare.

Complexity

Given N as std::distance(first, last):

1) Exactly N-1 comparisons using operator<(until C++20)std::less{}(since C++20) if enough additional memory is available, O(N⋅log(N)) comparisons otherwise.
2) O(N⋅log(N)) comparisons using operator<(until C++20)std::less{}(since C++20).
3) Exactly N-1 applications of the comparison function comp if enough additional memory is available, O(N⋅log(N)) applications otherwise.
4) O(N⋅log(N)) applications of the comparison function comp.

Exceptions

The overloads with a template parameter named ExecutionPolicy report errors as follows:

  • If execution of a function invoked as part of the algorithm throws an exception and ExecutionPolicy is one of the standard policies, std::terminate is called. For any other ExecutionPolicy, the behavior is implementation-defined.
  • If the algorithm fails to allocate memory, std::bad_alloc is thrown.

Possible implementation

See the implementations in libstdc++ and libc++.

Notes

This function attempts to allocate a temporary buffer. If the allocation fails, the less efficient algorithm is chosen.

Feature-test macro Value Std Feature
__cpp_lib_constexpr_algorithms 202306L (C++26) constexpr inplace merging

Example

The following code is an implementation of merge sort.

Run this code
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
 
template<class Iter>
void merge_sort(Iter first, Iter last)
{
    if (last - first > 1)
    {
        Iter middle = first + (last - first) / 2;
        merge_sort(first, middle);
        merge_sort(middle, last);
        std::inplace_merge(first, middle, last);
    }
}
 
int main()
{
    std::vector<int> v{8, 2, -2, 0, 11, 11, 1, 7, 3};
    merge_sort(v.begin(), v.end());
    for (const auto& n : v)
        std::cout << n << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';
}

Output: 

-2 0 1 2 3 7 8 11 11

See also

 merges two sorted ranges
(function template) [edit]
sorts a range into ascending order
(function template) [edit]
sorts a range of elements while preserving order between equal elements
(function template) [edit]
(C++20)
 merges two ordered ranges in-place
(niebloid)[edit]
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