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Difference between revisions of "cpp/io"

From cppreference.com
< cpp
m (replace zero to O)
m (→‎See also: +Filesystem library)
 
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{{cpp/io/navbar}}
 
{{cpp/io/navbar}}
  
−
C++ includes two input/output libraries: a modern, stream-based I/O library and the standard set of C-style I/O functions.
+
C++ includes the following input/output libraries: an [[enwiki:Object-oriented_programming|OOP-style]] [[#Stream-based I/O|stream-based I/O]] library{{rev inl|since=c++23|, [[#Print functions (since C++23)|print-based family]] of functions}}, and the standard set of [[#C-style I/O|C-style I/O]] functions.
  
 
===Stream-based I/O===
 
===Stream-based I/O===
−
 
 
The stream-based input/output library is organized around abstract input/output devices. These abstract devices allow the same code to handle input/output to files, memory streams, or custom adaptor devices that perform arbitrary operations (e.g. compression) on the fly.
 
The stream-based input/output library is organized around abstract input/output devices. These abstract devices allow the same code to handle input/output to files, memory streams, or custom adaptor devices that perform arbitrary operations (e.g. compression) on the fly.
  
−
Most of the classes are templated, so they can be adapted to any basic character type. Separate typedefs are provided for the most common basic character types ({{c|char}} and {{c|wchar_t}}). The classes are organized into the following hierarchy:
+
Most of the classes are templated, so they can be adapted to any basic character type. Separate typedefs are provided for the most common basic character types ({{c/core|char}} and {{c/core|wchar_t}}). The classes are organized into the following hierarchy:
  
 
{{inheritance diagram/std-io-complete}}
 
{{inheritance diagram/std-io-complete}}
  
 
{{dsc begin}}
 
{{dsc begin}}
−
{{dsc h2 | Abstraction}}
+
{{dsc h2|Abstraction}}
−
{{dsc class | cpp/io/ios_base | manages formatting flags and input/output exceptions}}
+
{{dsc header|ios}}
−
{{dsc tclass | cpp/io/basic_ios | manages an arbitrary stream buffer}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc ios_base}}
−
{{dsc tclass | cpp/io/basic_streambuf | abstracts a raw device}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_ios}}
−
{{dsc tclass | cpp/io/basic_istream | wraps a given abstract device ({{lc|std::basic_streambuf}})<br/> and provides high-level input interface}}
+
{{dsc header|streambuf}}
−
{{dsc tclass | cpp/io/basic_ostream | wraps a given abstract device ({{lc|std::basic_streambuf}})<br/> and provides high-level output interface}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_streambuf}}
−
{{dsc tclass | cpp/io/basic_iostream | wraps a given abstract device ({{lc|std::basic_streambuf}})<br/> and provides high-level input/output interface}}
+
{{dsc header|ostream}}
−
{{dsc h2 | File I/O implementation}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_ostream}}
−
{{dsc tclass | cpp/io/basic_filebuf | implements raw file device}}
+
{{dsc header|istream}}
−
{{dsc tclass | cpp/io/basic_ifstream | implements high-level file stream input operations}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_istream}}
−
{{dsc tclass | cpp/io/basic_ofstream | implements high-level file stream output operations}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_iostream}}
−
{{dsc tclass | cpp/io/basic_fstream | implements high-level file stream input/output operations}}
+
{{dsc h2|File I/O implementation}}
−
{{dsc h2 | String I/O implementation}}
+
{{dsc header|fstream}}
−
{{dsc tclass | cpp/io/basic_stringbuf | implements raw string device}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_filebuf}}
−
{{dsc tclass | cpp/io/basic_istringstream | implements high-level string stream input operations}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_ifstream}}
−
{{dsc tclass | cpp/io/basic_ostringstream | implements high-level string stream output operations}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_ofstream}}
−
{{dsc tclass | cpp/io/basic_stringstream | implements high-level string stream input/output operations}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_fstream}}
−
{{dsc h2 | Array I/O implementations}}
+
{{dsc h2|String I/O implementation}}
−
{{dsc class | cpp/io/strstreambuf | notes={{mark deprecated}} | implements raw character array device}}
+
{{dsc header|sstream}}
−
{{dsc class | cpp/io/istrstream | notes={{mark deprecated}} | implements character array input operations}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_stringbuf}}
−
{{dsc class | cpp/io/ostrstream | notes={{mark deprecated}} | implements character array output operations}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_istringstream}}
−
{{dsc class | cpp/io/strstream | notes={{mark deprecated}} | implements character array input/output operations}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_ostringstream}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_stringstream}}
 +
{{dsc h2|Array I/O implementations}}
 +
{{dsc header|spanstream}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_spanbuf}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_ispanstream}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_ospanstream}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_spanstream}}
 +
{{dsc header|strstream}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc strstreambuf}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc istrstream}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc ostrstream}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc strstream}}
 +
{{dsc h2|Synchronized output}}
 +
{{dsc header|syncstream}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_syncbuf}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc basic_osyncstream}}
 
{{dsc end}}
 
{{dsc end}}
  
 
====Typedefs====
 
====Typedefs====
 +
The following typedefs for common character types are provided in namespace {{tt|std}}:
 +
{{dsc begin}}
 +
{{dsc hitem|Type|Definition}}
 +
{{dsc header|ios}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::ios}}|{{co|std::basic_ios<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wios}}|{{co|std::basic_ios<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc header|streambuf}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::streambuf}}|{{co|std::basic_streambuf<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wstreambuf}}|{{co|std::basic_streambuf<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc header|istream}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::istream}}|{{co|std::basic_istream<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wistream}}|{{co|std::basic_istream<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::iostream}}|{{co|std::basic_iostream<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wiostream}}|{{co|std::basic_iostream<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc header|ostream}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::ostream}}|{{co|std::basic_ostream<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wostream}}|{{co|std::basic_ostream<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc header|fstream}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::filebuf}}|{{co|std::basic_filebuf<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wfilebuf}}|{{co|std::basic_filebuf<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::ifstream}}|{{co|std::basic_ifstream<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wifstream}}|{{co|std::basic_ifstream<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::ofstream}}|{{co|std::basic_ofstream<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wofstream}}|{{co|std::basic_ofstream<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::fstream}}|{{co|std::basic_fstream<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wfstream}}|{{co|std::basic_fstream<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc header|sstream}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::stringbuf}}|{{co|std::basic_stringbuf<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wstringbuf}}|{{co|std::basic_stringbuf<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::istringstream}}|{{co|std::basic_istringstream<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wistringstream}}|{{co|std::basic_istringstream<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::ostringstream}}|{{co|std::basic_ostringstream<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wostringstream}}|{{co|std::basic_ostringstream<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::stringstream}}|{{co|std::basic_stringstream<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wstringstream}}|{{co|std::basic_stringstream<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc header|spanstream}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::spanbuf}} {{mark c++23}}|{{co|std::basic_spanbuf<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wspanbuf}} {{mark c++23}}|{{co|std::basic_spanbuf<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::ispanstream}} {{mark c++23}}|{{co|std::basic_ispanstream<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wispanstream}} {{mark c++23}}|{{co|std::basic_ispanstream<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::ospanstream}} {{mark c++23}}|{{co|std::basic_ospanstream<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wospanstream}} {{mark c++23}}|{{co|std::basic_ospanstream<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::spanstream}} {{mark c++23}}|{{co|std::basic_spanstream<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wspanstream}} {{mark c++23}}|{{co|std::basic_spanstream<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc header|syncstream}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::syncbuf}} {{mark c++20}}|{{co|std::basic_syncbuf<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wsyncbuf}} {{mark c++20}}|{{co|std::basic_syncbuf<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::osyncstream}} {{mark c++20}}|{{co|std::basic_osyncstream<char>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{lc|std::wosyncstream}} {{mark c++20}}|{{co|std::basic_osyncstream<wchar_t>}}}}
 +
{{dsc end}}
  
−
The following typedefs for common character types are provided:
+
====Predefined standard stream objects====
 +
{{dsc begin}}
 +
{{dsc header|iostream}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc cin}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc cout}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc cerr}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc clog}}
 +
{{dsc end}}
  
−
<source lang="cpp">
+
===={{rl|manip|I/O Manipulators}}====
−
typedef basic_ios<char>                ios;
+
The stream-based I/O library uses {{rl|manip|I/O manipulators}} (e.g. {{lc|std::boolalpha}}, {{lc|std::hex}}, etc.) to control how streams behave.
−
typedef basic_ios<wchar_t>            wios;
+
−
 
+
−
typedef basic_streambuf<char>    streambuf;
+
−
typedef basic_streambuf<wchar_t> wstreambuf;
+
−
typedef basic_filebuf<char>        filebuf;
+
−
typedef basic_filebuf<wchar_t>    wfilebuf;
+
−
typedef basic_stringbuf<char>    stringbuf;
+
−
typedef basic_stringbuf<wchar_t> wstringbuf;
+
−
 
+
−
typedef basic_istream<char>        istream;
+
−
typedef basic_istream<wchar_t>    wistream;
+
−
typedef basic_ostream<char>        ostream;
+
−
typedef basic_ostream<wchar_t>    wostream;
+
−
typedef basic_iostream<char>      iostream;
+
−
typedef basic_iostream<wchar_t>  wiostream;
+
−
 
+
−
typedef basic_ifstream<char>      ifstream;
+
−
typedef basic_ifstream<wchar_t>  wifstream;
+
−
typedef basic_ofstream<char>      ofstream;
+
−
typedef basic_ofstream<wchar_t>  wofstream;
+
−
typedef basic_fstream<char>        fstream;
+
−
typedef basic_fstream<wchar_t>    wfstream;
+
−
 
+
−
typedef basic_istringstream<char>    istringstream;
+
−
typedef basic_istringstream<wchar_t> wistringstream;
+
−
typedef basic_ostringstream<char>    ostringstream;
+
−
typedef basic_ostringstream<wchar_t> wostringstream;
+
−
typedef basic_stringstream<char>      stringstream;
+
−
typedef basic_stringstream<wchar_t>  wstringstream;
+
−
</source>
+
−
 
+
−
Predefined standard stream objects:
+
−
<source lang="cpp">
+
−
extern  istream  cin;  //standard input (stdin)
+
−
extern wistream wcin;
+
−
extern  ostream  cout;  //standard output (stdout)
+
−
extern wostream wcout;
+
−
extern  ostream  cerr;  //standard error (stderr)
+
−
extern wostream wcerr;
+
−
extern  ostream  clog;  //standard log (stdlog)
+
−
extern wostream wclog;
+
−
</source>
+
−
 
+
−
====[[cpp/io/manip|I/O Manipulators]]====
+
−
 
+
−
The stream-based I/O library uses [[cpp/io/manip| I/O manipulators]] (e.g. {{lc|std::boolalpha}}, {{lc|std::hex}}, etc.) to control how streams behave.
+
  
 
====Types====
 
====Types====
−
 
 
The following auxiliary types are defined:
 
The following auxiliary types are defined:
 
{{dsc begin}}
 
{{dsc begin}}
−
{{dsc header | ios }}
+
{{dsc header|ios}}
−
{{dsc typedef | cpp/io/streamoff | represents relative file/stream position (offset from fpos), sufficient to represent any file size }}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc streamoff}}
−
{{dsc typedef | cpp/io/streamsize | represents the number of characters transferred in an I/O operation or the size of an I/O buffer}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc streamsize}}
−
{{dsc tclass  | cpp/io/fpos | represents absolute position in a stream or a file}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc fpos}}
 
{{dsc end}}
 
{{dsc end}}
  
−
Four specializations of {{lc|std::fpos}} are provided:  
+
The following typedef names for {{c/core|std::fpos<std::mbstate_t>}} are provided:  
 
{{dsc begin}}
 
{{dsc begin}}
−
{{dsc header | ios}}
+
{{dsc header|iosfwd}}
−
{{dsc hitem | Type | Definition}}
+
{{dsc hitem|Type|Definition}}
−
{{dsc | {{tt|streampos}} | {{c|std::fpos<std::char_traits<char>::state_type>}}}}
+
{{dsc|{{tt|std::streampos}}|{{c/core|std::fpos<std::char_traits<char>::state_type>}}}}
−
{{dsc | {{tt|u16streampos}} | {{c|std::fpos<std::char_traits<char16_t>::state_type>}}}}
+
{{dsc|{{tt|std::wstreampos}}|{{c/core|std::fpos<std::char_traits<wchar_t>::state_type>}}}}
−
{{dsc | {{tt|u32streampos}} | {{c|std::fpos<std::char_traits<char32_t>::state_type>}}}}
+
{{dsc|{{tt|std::u8streampos}} {{mark c++20}}|{{c/core|std::fpos<std::char_traits<char8_t>::state_type>}}}}
−
{{dsc | {{tt|wstreampos}} | {{c|std::fpos<std::char_traits<wchar_t>::state_type>}}}}
+
{{dsc|{{tt|std::u16streampos}} {{mark c++11}}|{{c/core|std::fpos<std::char_traits<char16_t>::state_type>}}}}
 +
{{dsc|{{tt|std::u32streampos}} {{mark c++11}}|{{c/core|std::fpos<std::char_traits<char32_t>::state_type>}}}}
 
{{dsc end}}
 
{{dsc end}}
  
 
====Error category interface====
 
====Error category interface====
 
{{dsc begin}}
 
{{dsc begin}}
−
{{dsc header | ios }}
+
{{dsc header|ios}}
−
{{dsc inc | cpp/io/dsc io_errc}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc io_errc}}
−
{{dsc inc | cpp/io/dsc iostream_category}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc iostream_category}}
−
<!-- TODO: these three specializations go inside the io_errc page
+
−
{{dcl list ptfun | cpp/io/is_error_code_enum  | title=is_error_code_enum{{dsc small|(std::io_errc)}}| notes={{mark c++11}} | extends the type trait {{lc|std::is_error_code_enum}} to identify iostream error codes}}
+
−
{{dsc fun | cpp/io/make_error_code | title=make_error_code{{dsc small|(std::io_errc)}} | notes={{mark c++11}} | constructs an iostream error code}}
+
−
{{dsc fun | cpp/io/make_error_condition  | title=make_error_condition{{dsc small|(std::io_errc)}} | notes={{mark c++11}} | constructs an iostream error_condition}}
+
−
-->
+
 
{{dsc end}}
 
{{dsc end}}
  
−
===[[cpp/io/c | C-style IO]]===
+
{{anchor|Print functions}}
 +
===Print functions {{mark since c++23}}===
 +
The Unicode-aware print-family functions that perform formatted I/O on text that is already formatted. They bring all the performance benefits of {{lc|std::format}}, are locale-independent by default, reduce global state, avoid allocating a temporary {{lc|std::string}} object and calling {{c|operator<<}}, and in general make formatting more efficient compared to [[#Stream-based I/O|iostreams]] and [[#C-style I/O|stdio]].
  
−
C++ also includes the [[cpp/io/c | input/output functions defined by C]], such as {{lc|std::fopen}}, {{lc|std::getc}}, etc.
+
The following print-like functions are provided:
 +
{{dsc begin}}
 +
{{dsc header|print}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc print}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc println}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc vprint_unicode}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/dsc vprint_nonunicode}}
 +
{{dsc sep}}
 +
{{dsc header|ostream}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/basic_ostream/dsc print}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/io/basic_ostream/dsc println}}
 +
{{dsc end}}
 +
 
 +
==={{rl|c|C-style I/O}}===
 +
C++ also includes the {{rl|c|input/output functions defined by C}}, such as {{lc|std::fopen}}, {{lc|std::getc}}, etc.
 +
 
 +
===See also===
 +
{{dsc begin}}
 +
{{dsc|[[cpp/filesystem|Filesystem library]] {{mark since c++17}}}}
 +
{{dsc end}}
  
−
[[ar:cpp/io]]
+
{{langlinks|ar|de|es|fr|it|ja|pl|pt|ru|zh}}
−
[[de:cpp/io]]
+
−
[[es:cpp/io]]
+
−
[[fr:cpp/io]]
+
−
[[it:cpp/io]]
+
−
[[ja:cpp/io]]
+
−
[[pl:cpp/io]]
+
−
[[pt:cpp/io]]
+
−
[[ru:cpp/io]]
+
−
[[zh:cpp/io]]
+

Latest revision as of 07:56, 9 June 2024

 
C++
 
Input/output library
 

C++ includes the following input/output libraries: an OOP-style stream-based I/O library, print-based family of functions(since C++23), and the standard set of C-style I/O functions.

Contents

[edit] Stream-based I/O

The stream-based input/output library is organized around abstract input/output devices. These abstract devices allow the same code to handle input/output to files, memory streams, or custom adaptor devices that perform arbitrary operations (e.g. compression) on the fly.

Most of the classes are templated, so they can be adapted to any basic character type. Separate typedefs are provided for the most common basic character types (char and wchar_t). The classes are organized into the following hierarchy:

cpp/io/ios basecpp/io/basic ioscpp/io/basic istreamcpp/io/basic ifstreamcpp/io/basic istringstreamcpp/io/basic ostreamcpp/io/basic ofstreamcpp/io/basic ostringstreamcpp/io/basic fstreamcpp/io/basic stringstreamcpp/io/basic iostreamstd-io-complete-inheritance.svg

Inheritance diagram

Abstraction
Defined in header <ios>
manages formatting flags and input/output exceptions
(class) [edit]
manages an arbitrary stream buffer
(class template) [edit]
Defined in header <streambuf>
abstracts a raw device
(class template) [edit]
Defined in header <ostream>
wraps a given abstract device (std::basic_streambuf)
and provides high-level output interface
(class template) [edit]
Defined in header <istream>
wraps a given abstract device (std::basic_streambuf)
and provides high-level input interface
(class template) [edit]
wraps a given abstract device (std::basic_streambuf)
and provides high-level input/output interface
(class template) [edit]
File I/O implementation
Defined in header <fstream>
implements raw file device
(class template) [edit]
implements high-level file stream input operations
(class template) [edit]
implements high-level file stream output operations
(class template) [edit]
implements high-level file stream input/output operations
(class template) [edit]
String I/O implementation
Defined in header <sstream>
implements raw string device
(class template) [edit]
implements high-level string stream input operations
(class template) [edit]
implements high-level string stream output operations
(class template) [edit]
implements high-level string stream input/output operations
(class template) [edit]
Array I/O implementations
Defined in header <spanstream>
(C++23)
 implements raw fixed character buffer device
(class template) [edit]
(C++23)
 implements fixed character buffer input operations
(class template) [edit]
(C++23)
 implements fixed character buffer output operations
(class template) [edit]
(C++23)
 implements fixed character buffer input/output operations
(class template) [edit]
Defined in header <strstream>
(deprecated in C++98)(removed in C++26)
 implements raw character array device
(class) [edit]
(deprecated in C++98)(removed in C++26)
 implements character array input operations
(class) [edit]
(deprecated in C++98)(removed in C++26)
 implements character array output operations
(class) [edit]
(deprecated in C++98)(removed in C++26)
 implements character array input/output operations
(class) [edit]
Synchronized output
Defined in header <syncstream>
(C++20)
 synchronized output device wrapper
(class template) [edit]
(C++20)
 synchronized output stream wrapper
(class template) [edit]

[edit] Typedefs

The following typedefs for common character types are provided in namespace std:

Type Definition
Defined in header <ios>
std::ios std::basic_ios<char>
std::wios std::basic_ios<wchar_t>
Defined in header <streambuf>
std::streambuf std::basic_streambuf<char>
std::wstreambuf std::basic_streambuf<wchar_t>
Defined in header <istream>
std::istream std::basic_istream<char>
std::wistream std::basic_istream<wchar_t>
std::iostream std::basic_iostream<char>
std::wiostream std::basic_iostream<wchar_t>
Defined in header <ostream>
std::ostream std::basic_ostream<char>
std::wostream std::basic_ostream<wchar_t>
Defined in header <fstream>
std::filebuf std::basic_filebuf<char>
std::wfilebuf std::basic_filebuf<wchar_t>
std::ifstream std::basic_ifstream<char>
std::wifstream std::basic_ifstream<wchar_t>
std::ofstream std::basic_ofstream<char>
std::wofstream std::basic_ofstream<wchar_t>
std::fstream std::basic_fstream<char>
std::wfstream std::basic_fstream<wchar_t>
Defined in header <sstream>
std::stringbuf std::basic_stringbuf<char>
std::wstringbuf std::basic_stringbuf<wchar_t>
std::istringstream std::basic_istringstream<char>
std::wistringstream std::basic_istringstream<wchar_t>
std::ostringstream std::basic_ostringstream<char>
std::wostringstream std::basic_ostringstream<wchar_t>
std::stringstream std::basic_stringstream<char>
std::wstringstream std::basic_stringstream<wchar_t>
Defined in header <spanstream>
std::spanbuf (C++23) std::basic_spanbuf<char>
std::wspanbuf (C++23) std::basic_spanbuf<wchar_t>
std::ispanstream (C++23) std::basic_ispanstream<char>
std::wispanstream (C++23) std::basic_ispanstream<wchar_t>
std::ospanstream (C++23) std::basic_ospanstream<char>
std::wospanstream (C++23) std::basic_ospanstream<wchar_t>
std::spanstream (C++23) std::basic_spanstream<char>
std::wspanstream (C++23) std::basic_spanstream<wchar_t>
Defined in header <syncstream>
std::syncbuf (C++20) std::basic_syncbuf<char>
std::wsyncbuf (C++20) std::basic_syncbuf<wchar_t>
std::osyncstream (C++20) std::basic_osyncstream<char>
std::wosyncstream (C++20) std::basic_osyncstream<wchar_t>

[edit] Predefined standard stream objects

Defined in header <iostream>
reads from the standard C input stream stdin
(global object)[edit]
writes to the standard C output stream stdout
(global object)[edit]
writes to the standard C error stream stderr, unbuffered
(global object)[edit]
writes to the standard C error stream stderr
(global object)[edit]

[edit] I/O Manipulators

The stream-based I/O library uses I/O manipulators (e.g. std::boolalpha, std::hex, etc.) to control how streams behave.

[edit] Types

The following auxiliary types are defined:

Defined in header <ios>
represents relative file/stream position (offset from fpos), sufficient to represent any file size
(typedef) [edit]
represents the number of characters transferred in an I/O operation or the size of an I/O buffer
(typedef) [edit]
represents absolute position in a stream or a file
(class template) [edit]

The following typedef names for std::fpos<std::mbstate_t> are provided:

Defined in header <iosfwd>
Type Definition
std::streampos std::fpos<std::char_traits<char>::state_type>
std::wstreampos std::fpos<std::char_traits<wchar_t>::state_type>
std::u8streampos (C++20) std::fpos<std::char_traits<char8_t>::state_type>
std::u16streampos (C++11) std::fpos<std::char_traits<char16_t>::state_type>
std::u32streampos (C++11) std::fpos<std::char_traits<char32_t>::state_type>

[edit] Error category interface

Defined in header <ios>
(C++11)
 the IO stream error codes
(enum) [edit]
(C++11)
 identifies the iostream error category
(function) [edit]

[edit] Print functions (since C++23)

The Unicode-aware print-family functions that perform formatted I/O on text that is already formatted. They bring all the performance benefits of std::format, are locale-independent by default, reduce global state, avoid allocating a temporary std::string object and calling operator<<, and in general make formatting more efficient compared to iostreams and stdio.

The following print-like functions are provided:

Defined in header <print>
(C++23)
 prints to stdout or a file stream using formatted representation of the arguments
(function template) [edit]
(C++23)
 same as std::print except that each print is terminated by additional new line
(function template) [edit]
(C++23)
 prints to Unicode capable stdout or a file stream using type-erased argument representation
(function) [edit]
(C++23)
 prints to stdout or a file stream using type-erased argument representation
(function) [edit]
 
Defined in header <ostream>
(C++23)
 outputs formatted representation of the arguments
(function template) [edit]
(C++23)
 outputs formatted representation of the arguments with appended '\n'
(function template) [edit]

[edit] C-style I/O

C++ also includes the input/output functions defined by C, such as std::fopen, std::getc, etc.

[edit] See also

Filesystem library (since C++17)
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