Difference between revisions of "cpp/language"

Compiler support
Freestanding and hosted
Language
Standard library
Standard library headers
Named requirements
Feature test macros (C++20)
Language support library
Concepts library (C++20)
Metaprogramming library (C++11)
Diagnostics library
General utilities library
Strings library
Containers library
Iterators library
Ranges library (C++20)
Algorithms library
Numerics library
Localizations library
Input/output library
Filesystem library (C++17)
Regular expressions library (C++11)
Concurrency support library (C++11)
Execution support library (C++26)
Technical specifications
Symbols index
External libraries

cppreference.com

Namespaces

Variants

Views

Actions

Difference between revisions of "cpp/language"

Latest revision as of 11:11, 21 September 2024

[edit] See also

Navigation

Toolbox

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 This is a reference of the core C++ language constructs.
-{| cellpadding="5"
+{|cellpadding="5"
-|- valign="top"
+|-valign="top"
 |
+'''{{rl|basic concepts|Basic concepts}}'''
-'''{{rl|basic_concepts|Basic concepts}}'''
 <div class="mainpagediv">
 {{rlp|comment|Comments}}<br>
@@ Line 21: / Line 20: @@
 {{rl|definition|Definitions and ODR}}<br>
 {{rl|lookup|Name lookup}}<br>
-&nbsp; {{rl|qualified_lookup|qualified}} – {{rl|unqualified_lookup|unqualified}} ({{rl|adl|ADL}})<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|qualified lookup|qualified}} – {{rl|unqualified lookup|unqualified}} ({{rl|adl|ADL}})<br>
-{{rl|as_if|As-if rule}}<br>
+{{rl|as if|As-if rule}}<br>
-{{rl|ub|Undefined behavior}}<br>
+{{rl|ub|Undefined behavior (UB)}}<br>
-{{rl|memory_model|Memory model and data races}}<br>
+{{rl|memory model|Memory}} – {{rl|multithread|Multithread}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
 {{rl|charset|Character sets and encodings}}<br>
-{{rl|translation_phases|Phases of translation}}<br>
+{{rl|translation phases|Phases of translation}}<br>
-{{rl|main_function|The {{tt|main}} function}}<br>
+{{rl|main function|The {{tt|main}} function}}<br>
 {{rl|modules|Modules}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
 </div>
@@ Line 33: / Line 32: @@
 '''{{rlp|keyword|Keywords}}'''
 <div class="mainpagediv">
-<!--  -->
+<!---->
 </div>
 '''{{rlp|preprocessor|Preprocessor}}'''
 <div class="mainpagediv">
-{{rlp|preprocessor/conditional | {{tt|#if}} - {{tt|#ifdef}} - {{tt|#ifndef}} - {{tt|#elif}}}}<br>
+{{rlp|preprocessor/conditional|{{tt|#if}} - {{tt|#ifdef}} - {{tt|#ifndef}} - {{tt|#elif}}}}<br>
-{{rlp|preprocessor/conditional | {{tt|#elifdef}} - {{tt|#elifndef}}}} {{mark c++23}}<br>
+{{rlp|preprocessor/conditional|{{tt|#elifdef}} - {{tt|#elifndef}}}} {{mark c++23}}<br>
-{{rlp|preprocessor/replace | {{tt|#define}} - {{tt|#}} - {{tt|##}}}}<br>
+{{rlp|preprocessor/replace|{{tt|#define}} - {{tt|#}} - {{tt|##}}}}<br>
-{{rlpt|preprocessor/include |#include}} -
+{{rlpt|preprocessor/include|#include}} -
-{{rlpt|preprocessor/impl |#pragma}}<br>
+{{rlpt|preprocessor/impl|#pragma}}<br>
-{{rlpt|preprocessor/line |#line}} -
+{{rlpt|preprocessor/line|#line}} -
-{{rlp|preprocessor/error | {{tt|#error}} - {{tt|#warning}} {{mark c++23}}}}<br>
+{{rlpt|preprocessor/error|#error}}<br>
+{{rlpt|preprocessor/error|#warning}} {{mark c++23}}<br>
 </div>
 '''{{rl|expressions|Expressions}}'''
 <div class="mainpagediv">
-{{rl|value_category|Value categories}}<br>
+{{rl|value category|Value categories}}<br>
-{{rl|eval_order|Evaluation order and sequencing}}<br>
+{{rl|eval order|Evaluation order}}<br>
-{{rl|constant_expression|Constant expressions}}<br>
+{{rl|constant expression|Constant expressions}}<br>
-{{rl|expressions#Operators|Operators}}<br>
+{{ls|cpp/language/expressions#Operators}}<br>
-&nbsp; {{rl|operator_assignment|assignment}} –
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|operator assignment|assignment}} –
-{{rl|operator_arithmetic|arithmetic}}<br>
+{{rl|operator arithmetic|arithmetic}}<br>
-&nbsp; {{rl|operator_incdec|increment and decrement}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|operator incdec|increment and decrement}}<br>
-&nbsp; {{rl|operator_logical|logical}} –
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|operator logical|logical}} –
-{{rl|operator_comparison|comparison}}<br>
+{{rl|operator comparison|comparison}}<br>
-&nbsp; {{rl|operator_member_access|member access and indirection}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|operator member access|member access}}<br>
-&nbsp; {{rl|operator_other|call, comma, ternary}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|operator other|call, comma, ternary}}<br>
-&nbsp; {{rlt|sizeof}} – {{rlt|alignof}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rlt|sizeof}} – {{rlt|alignof}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
-&nbsp; {{rlt|new}} – {{rlt|delete}} – {{rlt|typeid}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rlt|new}} – {{rlt|delete}} – {{rlt|typeid}}<br>
-{{rl|operators|Operator overloading}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|operator_alternative|alternative representation}}<br>
-{{rl|default_comparisons|Default comparisons}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
+{{rl|default comparisons|Default comparisons}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
-{{rl|operator_precedence|Operator precedence}}<br>
+{{rl|operator precedence|Operator precedence}}<br>
-{{rl|expressions#Conversions|Conversions}}<br>
+{{ls|cpp/language/expressions#Conversions}}<br>
-&nbsp; {{rl|implicit_cast|implicit}} –
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|implicit conversion|implicit}} – {{rl|explicit cast|explicit}}<br>
-{{rl|explicit_cast|explicit}} –
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|cast operator|user-defined}}<br>
-{{rl|cast_operator|user-defined}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|usual arithmetic conversions|Usual arithmetic conversions}}<br>
-&nbsp; {{rlt|static_cast}} – {{rlt|dynamic_cast}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rlt|static_cast}} – {{rlt|dynamic_cast}}<br>
-&nbsp; {{rlt|const_cast}} – {{rlt|reinterpret_cast}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rlt|const_cast}}<br>
-{{rl|expressions#Literals|Literals}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rlt|reinterpret_cast}}<br>
-&nbsp; {{rl|bool_literal|boolean}} –
+{{ls|cpp/language/expressions#Literals}} ({{rl|escape|Escape sequences}})<br>
-{{rl|integer_literal|integer}} –
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|bool literal|boolean}} –
-{{rl|floating_literal|floating}}<br>
+{{rl|integer literal|integer}} –
-&nbsp; {{rl|character_literal|character}} –
+{{rl|floating literal|floating}}<br>
-{{rl|string_literal|string}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|character literal|character}} –
-&nbsp; {{rlt|nullptr}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rl|string literal|string}}<br>
-&nbsp; {{rl|user_literal|user-defined}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rlt|nullptr}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|user literal|user-defined (UDL)}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
 </div>
 |
 '''{{rl|declarations|Declarations}}'''
 <div class="mainpagediv">
+{{rl|conflicting declarations|Conflicting declarations}}<br>
+{{rl|storage duration|Storage duration and linkage}}<br>
+{{rl|tu local|Translation-unit-local}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
+{{rl|language linkage|Language linkage}}<br>
 {{rl|namespace|Namespace declaration}}<br>
-{{rl|namespace_alias|Namespace alias}}<br>
+{{rl|namespace alias|Namespace alias}}<br>
 {{rl|reference|References}} –
 {{rl|pointer|Pointers}} –
 {{rl|array|Arrays}}<br>
-{{rl|structured_binding|Structured bindings}} {{mark c++17}}<br>
+{{rl|structured binding|Structured bindings}} {{mark c++17}}<br>
 {{rl|enum|Enumerations and enumerators}}<br>
-{{rl|storage_duration|Storage duration and linkage}}<br>
-{{rl|tu_local|Translation-unit-local}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
-{{rl|language_linkage|Language linkage}}<br>
 {{rl|inline|{{tt|inline}} specifier}}<br>
 {{rl|asm|Inline assembly}}<br>
-{{rl|cv|{{tt|const}}/{{tt|volatile}}}} – {{rlt|constexpr}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rl|cv|{{tt|const}}/{{tt|volatile}}}}<br>
-{{rlt|consteval}} {{mark c++20}} – {{rlt|constinit}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
+{{rlt|constexpr}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
-{{rlt|decltype}} {{mark c++11}} – {{rlt|auto}} {{mark c++11}} <br>
+{{rlt|consteval}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
-{{rlt|typedef}} – {{rl|type_alias|Type alias}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rlt|constinit}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
-{{rl|elaborated_type_specifier|Elaborated type specifiers}}<br>
+{{rlt|decltype}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
-{{rl|attributes|Attributes}} {{mark c++11}} – {{rlt|alignas}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rlt|auto}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rlt|typedef}} – {{rl|type alias|Type alias}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rl|elaborated type specifier|Elaborated type specifiers}}<br>
+{{rl|attributes|Attributes}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rlt|alignas}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
 {{rlt|static_assert}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
 </div>
@@ Line 108: / Line 112: @@
 '''{{rl|initialization|Initialization}}'''
 <div class="mainpagediv">
-{{rl|default_initialization|Default initialization}}<br>
+{{rl|default initialization|Default-initialization}}<br>
-{{rl|value_initialization|Value initialization}}<br>
+{{rl|value initialization|Value-initialization}}<br>
-{{rl|copy_initialization|Copy initialization}}<br>
+{{rl|copy initialization|Copy-initialization}}<br>
-{{rl|direct_initialization|Direct initialization}}<br>
+{{rl|direct initialization|Direct-initialization}}<br>
-{{rl|aggregate_initialization|Aggregate initialization}}<br>
+{{rl|aggregate initialization|Aggregate initialization}}<br>
-{{rl|list_initialization|List initialization}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rl|list initialization|List-initialization}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
-{{rl|reference_initialization|Reference initialization}}<br>
+{{rl|reference initialization|Reference initialization}}<br>
-{{rl|initialization#Non-local_variables|Static non-local initialization}}<br>
+{{rl|initialization#Non-local variables|Static non-local initialization}}<br>
-&nbsp;{{rl|zero_initialization|zero}} – {{rl|constant_initialization|constant}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|zero initialization|zero}} – {{rl|constant initialization|constant}}<br>
-{{rl|initialization#Non-local_variables|Dynamic non-local initialization}}<br>
+{{rl|initialization#Non-local variables|Dynamic non-local initialization}}<br>
-&nbsp;{{rl|initialization#Non-local_variables|ordered}} – {{rl|initialization#Non-local_variables|unordered}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|initialization#Non-local variables|ordered}} – {{rl|initialization#Non-local variables|unordered}}<br>
-{{rl|copy_elision|Copy elision}}
+{{rl|copy elision|Copy elision (RVO)}}
 </div>
@@ Line 125: / Line 129: @@
 <div class="mainpagediv">
 {{rl|function|Function declaration}}<br>
-{{rl|default_arguments|Default arguments}}<br>
+{{rl|default arguments|Default arguments}}<br>
-{{rl|variadic_arguments|Variadic arguments}}<br>
+{{rl|variadic arguments|Variadic arguments}}<br>
 {{rl|lambda|Lambda expression}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
-{{rl|adl|Argument-dependent lookup}}<br>
+{{rl|overload resolution|Overload resolution}}<br>
-{{rl|overload_resolution|Overload resolution}}<br>
 {{rl|operators|Operator overloading}}<br>
-{{rl|overloaded_address|Address of an overload set}}<br>
+{{rl|overloaded address|Address of an overload set}}<br>
 {{rl|coroutines|Coroutines}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
 </div>
@@ Line 143: / Line 146: @@
 {{rlt|while}} – {{rl|do|{{tt|do}}-{{tt|while}}}}<br>
 {{rlt|continue}} –
-{{rlt|break}} –
+{{rlt|break}}<br>
 {{rlt|goto}} –
 {{rlt|return}}<br>
-{{rl|transactional_memory|{{tt|synchronized}} and {{tt|atomic}}}} {{mark since tm ts}}<br>
+{{rl|transactional memory|{{tt|synchronized}}/{{tt|atomic}}}} {{mark since tm ts}}<br>
 </div>
 |
 '''{{rl|classes|Classes}}'''
 <div class="mainpagediv">
@@ Line 156: / Line 157: @@
 {{rl|union|Union types}}<br>
 {{rl|injected-class-name}}<br>
-{{rl|data_members|Data members}} –
+{{rl|data members|Data members}} –
-{{rl|bit_field|Bit fields}}<br>
+{{rl|bit field|Bit-fields}}<br>
-{{rl|member_functions|Member functions}} –
+{{rl|member functions|Member functions}} –
-{{rl|this|The {{tt|this}} pointer}} <br>
+{{rl|this|The {{tt|this}} pointer}}<br>
 {{rl|static|Static members}} –
-{{rl|nested_types|Nested classes}}<br>
+{{rl|nested types|Nested classes}}<br>
-{{rl|derived_class|Derived class}} –
+{{rl|derived class|Derived class}} –
-{{rl|using_declaration|{{tt|using}}-declaration}}<br>
+{{rl|using declaration|{{tt|using}}-declaration}}<br>
-{{rl|ebo|Empty base optimization}}<br>
+{{rl|ebo|Empty base optimization (EBO)}}<br>
 {{rl|virtual|Virtual function}} –
-{{rl|abstract_class|Abstract class}}<br>
+{{rl|abstract class|Abstract class (ABC)}}<br>
 {{rlt|override}} {{mark c++11}} – {{rlt|final}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
 {{rl|access|Member access}} –
-{{rlt|friend}} <br>
+{{rlt|friend}}<br>
 {{rl|constructor|Constructors and member initializer lists}}<br>
-{{rl|default_constructor|Default constructor}} –
+{{rl|default constructor|Default constructor}} –
 {{rl|destructor|Destructor}}<br>
-{{rl|copy_constructor|Copy constructor}} –
+{{rl|copy constructor|Copy constructor}} –
-{{rl|copy_assignment|Copy assignment}} <br>
+{{rl|copy assignment|Copy assignment}}<br>
-{{rl|move_constructor|Move constructor}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rl|move constructor|Move constructor}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
-{{rl|move_assignment|Move assignment}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{rl|move assignment|Move assignment}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
-{{rl|converting_constructor|Converting constructor}} –
+{{rl|converting constructor|Converting constructor}}<br>
 {{rl|explicit|{{tt|explicit}} specifier}}<br>
 </div>
@@ Line 183: / Line 184: @@
 '''{{rl|templates|Templates}}'''
 <div class="mainpagediv">
-{{rl|template_parameters|Template parameters and arguments}}<br>
+{{rl|template parameters|Template parameters and arguments}}<br>
-{{rl|class_template|Class template}} –
+{{rl|class template|Class template}} –
-{{rl|function_template|Function template}}<br>
+{{rl|function template|Function template}}<br>
-{{rl|variable_template|Variable template}} {{mark c++14}}<br>
+{{rl|variable template|Variable template}} {{mark c++14}}<br>
-{{rl|member_template|Class member template}}<br>
+{{rl|member template|Class member template}}<br>
-{{rl|template_argument_deduction|Template argument deduction}}<br>
+'''Template argument deduction'''<br>
-{{rl|class template argument deduction|Class template argument deduction}} {{mark c++17}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|template argument deduction|function}} –
-{{rl|template_specialization|Explicit specialization}} – {{rl|partial_specialization|Partial specialization}}<br>
+{{rl|class template argument deduction|class (CTAD)}} {{mark c++17}}<br>
-{{rl|parameter_pack|Parameter packs}} {{mark c++11}} –
+{{rl|template specialization|Explicit specialization}} – {{rl|partial specialization|Partial specialization}}<br>
+{{rl|parameter pack|Parameter packs}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
 {{rlt|sizeof...}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
-{{rl|fold|Fold-expressions}} {{mark c++17}}<br>
+{{rl|fold|Fold expressions}} {{mark c++17}}<br>
-{{rl|dependent_name|Dependent names}} –
+{{rl|pack_indexing|Pack indexing}} {{mark c++26}}<br>
+{{rl|dependent name|Dependent names}} –
 {{rl|sfinae|SFINAE}}<br>
 {{rl|constraints|Constraints and concepts}} {{mark c++20}}<br>
@@ Line 202: / Line 205: @@
 '''{{rl|exceptions|Exceptions}}'''
 <div class="mainpagediv">
-{{rl|throw|{{tt|throw}}-expression}}<br>
+{{rl|try|{{tt|try}} block}}<br>
-{{rl|try_catch|{{tt|try}}-{{tt|catch}} block}}<br>
+{{rl|throw|Throwing exceptions}}<br>
-{{rl|function-try-block|function-{{tt|try}}-block}}<br>
+{{rl|catch|Handling exceptions}}<br>
-{{rl|noexcept_spec|{{tt|noexcept}} specifier}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+'''Exception specification'''<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|noexcept spec|{{tt|noexcept}} specification}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
+{{nbsp|4}}{{rl|except spec|Dynamic specification}} {{mark tooltip|until C++17|deprecated in C++11}}<br>
 {{rl|noexcept|{{tt|noexcept}} operator}} {{mark c++11}}<br>
-{{rl|except_spec|Dynamic exception specification}} {{mark until c++17}}<br>
 </div>
@@ Line 213: / Line 217: @@
 <div class="mainpagediv">
 {{rl|history|History of C++}}<br>
-{{rl|extending_std|Extending the namespace std}}<br>
+{{rl|extending std|Extending the namespace std}}<br>
-{{rl|acronyms|Acronyms}}
+{{rl|acronyms|Acronyms}}:
+[[cpp/ranges/cpo|CPO]],
+[[cpp/language/ndr|IFNDR]],
+[[cpp/language/ndr|NDR]],
+[[cpp/string/byte|NTBS]],<br>
+[[cpp/language/template parameters#Non-type template parameter|NTTP]],
+[[cpp/ranges#Range adaptor objects|RAO]],
+[[cpp/memory/allocator_traits/select_on_container_copy_construction|SOCCC]],
+[[cpp/language/template metaprogramming|TMP]],
+[[cpp/language/translation phases#Phase 8|TU]]
 </div>
 '''Idioms'''
 <div class="mainpagediv">
-{{rl|raii|Resource acquisition is initialization}}<br>
+{{rl|crtp|Curiously Recurring Template Pattern (CRTP)}}<br>
-{{rl|rule_of_three|Rule of three/five/zero}}<br>
+{{rl|pimpl|Pointer to implementation (PIMPL)}}<br>
-{{rl|pimpl|Pointer to implementation}}<br>
+{{rl|raii|Resource acquisition is initialization (RAII)}}<br>
-{{rl|Zero-overhead_principle|Zero-overhead principle}}<br>
+{{rl|rule of three|Rule of three/five/zero}}<br>
+{{rl|Zero-overhead principle|Zero-overhead principle}}<br>
 </div>
 |}
@@ Line 228: / Line 242: @@
 ===See also===
 {{dsc begin}}
-{{dsc see c | c/language |C language constructs | nomono=true}}
+{{dsc see c|c/language|C language constructs|nomono=true}}
 {{dsc end}}
 {{langlinks|ar|de|es|fr|it|ja|ko|pl|pt|ru|tr|zh}}