std::bidirectional_iterator

 

C++

Compiler support

Freestanding and hosted

Language

Standard library

Standard library headers

Named requirements

Feature test macros (C++20)

Language support library

Concepts library (C++20)

Metaprogramming library (C++11)

Diagnostics library

General utilities library

Strings library

Containers library

Iterators library

Ranges library (C++20)

Algorithms library

Numerics library

Localizations library

Input/output library

Filesystem library (C++17)

Regular expressions library (C++11)

Concurrency support library (C++11)

Execution support library (C++26)

Technical specifications

Symbols index

External libraries

 

Iterator library

Iterator concepts
indirectly_readable (C++20) indirectly_writable (C++20) weakly_incrementable (C++20) incrementable (C++20) is-integer-like is-signed-integer-like (C++20)(C++20)	sentinel_for (C++20) sized_sentinel_for (C++20) input_iterator (C++20) output_iterator (C++20) input_or_output_iterator (C++20)	forward_iterator (C++20) bidirectional_iterator (C++20) random_access_iterator (C++20) contiguous_iterator (C++20)
Iterator primitives
input_iterator_tagoutput_iterator_tagforward_iterator_tagbidirectional_iterator_tagrandom_access_iterator_tagcontiguous_iterator_tag (C++20)	iter_value_titer_difference_titer_reference_titer_const_reference_titer_rvalue_reference_titer_common_reference_t (C++20)(C++20)(C++20)(C++23)(C++20)(C++20)	iterator (deprecated in C++17) iterator_traits incrementable_traits (C++20) indirectly_readable_traits (C++20)
Algorithm concepts and utilities
Indirect callable concepts
indirectly_unary_invocableindirectly_regular_unary_invocable (C++20)(C++20)	indirect_unary_predicate (C++20) indirect_binary_predicate (C++20)	indirect_equivalence_relation (C++20) indirect_strict_weak_order (C++20)
Common algorithm requirements
indirectly_movable (C++20) indirectly_movable_storable (C++20) indirectly_copyable (C++20)	indirectly_copyable_storable (C++20)   indirectly_swappable (C++20) indirectly_comparable (C++20)	permutable (C++20) mergeable (C++20) sortable (C++20)
Utilities
indirect_result_t (C++20)	projected (C++20)	projected_value_t (C++26)
Iterator adaptors
reverse_iterator make_reverse_iterator (C++14) move_iterator (C++11) make_move_iterator (C++11) default_sentinel_tdefault_sentinel (C++20)(C++20) unreachable_sentinel_tunreachable_sentinel (C++20)(C++20)	front_insert_iterator back_insert_iterator inserter insert_iterator front_inserter back_inserter move_sentinel (C++20)	common_iterator (C++20) counted_iterator (C++20) basic_const_iterator (C++23) const_iterator (C++23) const_sentinel (C++23) make_const_iterator (C++23) make_const_sentinel (C++23)
Stream iterators istream_iterator    ostream_iterator istreambuf_iterator ostreambuf_iterator	Iterator customization points ranges::iter_move (C++20) ranges::iter_swap (C++20)
Iterator operations advance distance prev (C++11)   next (C++11) ranges::advance (C++20) ranges::distance (C++20) ranges::prev (C++20) ranges::next (C++20)	Range access begincbegin (C++11)(C++14) rbegincrbegin (C++14)(C++14)   endcend (C++11)(C++14) rendcrend (C++14)(C++14)   sizessize (C++17)(C++20) empty (C++17) data (C++17)

 

Defined in header <iterator>
template< class I >     concept bidirectional_iterator =         std::forward_iterator<I> &&         std::derived_from</*ITER_CONCEPT*/<I>, std::bidirectional_iterator_tag> &&         requires(I i) {             { --i } -> std::same_as<I&>;             { i-- } -> std::same_as<I>;         };		(since C++20)

The concept bidirectional_iterator refines forward_iterator by adding the ability to move an iterator backward.

Iterator concept determination

Definition of this concept is specified via an exposition-only alias template /*ITER_CONCEPT*/.

In order to determine /*ITER_CONCEPT*/<I>, let ITER_TRAITS<I> denote I if the specialization std::iterator_traits<I> is generated from the primary template, or std::iterator_traits<I> otherwise:

• If ITER_TRAITS<I>::iterator_concept is valid and names a type, /*ITER_CONCEPT*/<I> denotes the type.
• Otherwise, if ITER_TRAITS<I>::iterator_category is valid and names a type, /*ITER_CONCEPT*/<I> denotes the type.
• Otherwise, if std::iterator_traits<I> is generated from the primary template, /*ITER_CONCEPT*/<I> denotes std::random_access_iterator_tag.
• Otherwise, /*ITER_CONCEPT*/<I> does not denote a type and results in a substitution failure.

Semantic requirements

A bidirectional iterator r is said to be decrementable if and only if there exists some s such that ++s == r.

std::bidirectional_iterator<I> is modeled only if all the concepts it subsumes are modeled, and given two objects a and b of type I:

• If a is decrementable, a is in the domain of the expressions --a and a--.
• Pre-decrement yields an lvalue that refers to the operand: std::addressof(--a) == std::addressof(a).
• Post-decrement yields the previous value of the operand: if bool(a == b), then bool(a-- == b).
• Post-decrement and pre-decrement perform the same modification on its operand: If bool(a == b), then after evaluating both a-- and --b, bool(a == b) still holds.
• Increment and decrement are inverses of each other:

• If a is incrementable and bool(a == b), then bool(--(++a) == b).
• If a is decrementable and bool(a == b), then bool(++(--a) == b).

Equality preservation

Expressions declared in requires expressions of the standard library concepts are required to be equality-preserving (except where stated otherwise).

Notes

Unlike the LegacyBidirectionalIterator requirements, the bidirectional_iterator concept does not require dereference to return an lvalue.

Example

A minimum bidirectional iterator.

#include <cstddef>
#include <iterator>
 
struct SimpleBidiIterator
{
    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
    using value_type = int;
 
    int operator*() const;
 
    SimpleBidiIterator& operator++();
 
    SimpleBidiIterator operator++(int)
    {
        auto tmp = *this;
        ++*this;
        return tmp;
    }
 
    SimpleBidiIterator& operator--();
 
    SimpleBidiIterator operator--(int)
    {
        auto tmp = *this;
        --*this;
        return tmp;
    }
 
    bool operator==(const SimpleBidiIterator&) const;
};
 
static_assert(std::bidirectional_iterator<SimpleBidiIterator>);

See also

forward_iterator (C++20)	specifies that an input_iterator is a forward iterator, supporting equality comparison and multi-pass (concept)
random_access_iterator (C++20)	specifies that a bidirectional_iterator is a random-access iterator, supporting advancement in constant time and subscripting (concept)