Concepts
From cppreference.com
A concept is a term that describes a named set of requirements for a type. Concepts are a more convenient way to specify both what properties are expected from a type, and what properties a type has.
There was a proposal to include a formal specification of concepts into C++11 so that the compiler could check the type requirements before template instantiation and in turn could produce much more sensible error messages in case a type did not fulfill the template requirements. This proposal was later dropped for various reasons. However, there are unofficial plans to add concepts to a future revision of the C++ language.
Here concepts have little in common with the abovementioned proposal. They refer to informal named requirements, used in C++03 and C++11 to define behavior and expected properties for various types.
Basic | ||
| specifies that type has default constructor (concept) | ||
| (C++11) |
specifies that type has move constructor (concept) | |
| specifies that type has copy constructor (concept) | ||
| (C++11) |
specifies that type has move assignment operator (concept) | |
| specifies that type has copy assignment operator (concept) | ||
| type has a destructor that clears all memory (concept) | ||
Layout | ||
| Note, that the standard doesn't define named requirements or concepts with names specified in this subcategory. These are type categories defined by the core language. They are included here as concepts only for consistency. | ||
| (C++11) |
class with trivial copy, assignment and destructor (concept) | |
| (C++11) |
class with trivial constructors, assignment and destructor (concept) | |
| (C++11) |
non-virtual class containing only other StandardLayout members, all with the same access control (concept) | |
| POD (Plain Old Data) structure, compatible with C struct (concept) | ||
Library-wide | ||
has a working operator== that is an equivalence relation (concept) | ||
operator< is a strict weak ordering relation (concept) | ||
| (C++11) |
can be swapped with an unqualified non-member function call swap() (concept) | |
| (C++11) |
an Template:concept that dereferences to a Template:concept type (concept) | |
| (C++11) |
pointer-like type supporting a null value (concept) | |
| (C++11) |
A function object type that for inputs with different values has a low probability of giving the same output (concept) | |
| class type that contains allocation information (concept) | ||
| a function object that can be called with specific arguments and has return value convertible to specific type (concept) | ||
| a Template:concept that returns a value convertible to bool for one argument without modifying it (concept) | ||
| a Template:concept that returns a value convertible to bool for two arguments without modifying them (concept) | ||
| a Template:concept that establishes an ordering relation (concept) | ||
Container | |
| data structure that allows element access using iterators (concept) | |
| container using bidirectional iterators (concept) | |
| (C++11) |
container using an allocator (concept) |
| container with elements stored linearly (concept) | |
| container that stores elements by associating them to keys (concept) | |
| container that stores elements stored in buckets by associating them to keys (concept) | |
Container element | |
| (C++11) |
element can be copy-constructed in uninitialized storage (concept) |
| (C++11) |
element can be move-constructed in uninitialized storage (concept) |
| (C++11) |
element can be constructed in uninitialized storage (concept) |
Iterator | |
| general concept to access data within some data structure (concept) | |
| iterator that can be used to read data (concept) | |
| iterator that can be used to write data (concept) | |
| iterator that can be used to read data multiple times (concept) | |
| iterator that can be both incremented and decremented (concept) | |
| iterator that can be advanced in constant time (concept) | |
Stream I/O functions | |
| a stream input function that doesn't skip whitespace and counts the processed characters (concept) | |
| a stream input function that skips leading whitespace (concept) | |
| a basic stream output function (concept) | |
| a stream output function that sets failbit on errors and returns a reference to the stream (concept) | |
Random Number Generation | |
| (C++11) |
consumes a sequence of integers and produces a sequence of 32-bit unsigned values (concept) |
| (C++11) |
returns uniformly distributed random unsigned integers (concept) |
| (C++11) |
a deterministic Template:concept, defined by the seed (concept) |
| (C++11) |
a Template:concept that transforms the output of another Template:concept (concept) |
| (C++11) |
returns random numbers distributed according to a given mathematical probability density function (concept) |
Concurrency | |
| (C++11) |
provides exclusive ownership semantics for execution agents (i.e. threads) (concept) |
| (C++11) |
adds attempted lock acquisition to Template:concept (concept) |
| (C++11) |
adds timed lock acquisition to Template:concept (concept) |
| (C++11) |
a Template:concept that protects against data races and sequentially consistent synchronization (concept) |
| (C++11) |
a Template:concept that protects against data races and sequentially consistent synchronization (concept) |
Other | |
| (C++11) |
describes a property of a type (concept) |
| (C++11) |
describes a relationship between two types (concept) |
| (C++11) |
modifies a property of a type (concept) |
| (C++11) |
aggregates a duration, a time point, and a function to get the current time point (concept) |
| (C++11) |
a Template:concept that doesn't throw exceptions (concept) |
| defines types and functions for a character type (concept) | |
| represents a position in a stream (concept) | |
| represents an offset in a stream (concept) | |
| bitset, integer, or enumeration (concept) | |
| This section is incomplete Reason: Any other missing concept? |
