std::ranges::inplace_merge

 

C++

Compiler support

Freestanding and hosted

Language

Standard library

Standard library headers

Named requirements

Feature test macros (C++20)

Language support library

Concepts library (C++20)

Metaprogramming library (C++11)

Diagnostics library

General utilities library

Strings library

Containers library

Iterators library

Ranges library (C++20)

Algorithms library

Numerics library

Localizations library

Input/output library

Filesystem library (C++17)

Regular expressions library (C++11)

Concurrency support library (C++11)

Execution support library (C++26)

Technical specifications

Symbols index

External libraries

 

Algorithm library

Constrained algorithms and algorithms on ranges (C++20)
Constrained algorithms, e.g. ranges::copy, ranges::sort, ...
Execution policies (C++17)
is_execution_policy (C++17)   execution::seqexecution::parexecution::par_unseqexecution::unseq (C++17)    (C++17)(C++17)(C++20)	execution::sequenced_policyexecution::parallel_policyexecution::parallel_unsequenced_policyexecution::parallel_unsequenced (C++17)(C++17)(C++17)(C++20)
Non-modifying sequence operations Batch operations for_each for_each_n (C++17) Search operations all_ofany_ofnone_of (C++11)                (C++11)(C++11) countcount_if mismatch equal findfind_iffind_if_not (C++11) find_end find_first_of adjacent_find search search_n Modifying sequence operations Copy operations copycopy_if (C++11) copy_backward copy_n (C++11) move (C++11) move_backward (C++11) Swap operations swap iter_swap swap_ranges Transformation operations replacereplace_if transform replace_copyreplace_copy_if Generation operations fill fill_n generate generate_n Removing operations removeremove_if unique remove_copyremove_copy_if unique_copy Order-changing operations reverse reverse_copy rotate rotate_copy random_shuffleshuffle (until C++17)(C++11) shift_leftshift_right (C++20)(C++20) Sampling operations sample (C++17)	Sorting and related operations Partitioning operations partition partition_copy (C++11)   stable_partition is_partitioned (C++11) partition_point (C++11) Sorting operations sort stable_sort partial_sort partial_sort_copy is_sorted (C++11) is_sorted_until (C++11) nth_element Binary search operations (on partitioned ranges) lower_bound upper_bound equal_range binary_search Set operations (on sorted ranges) includes set_union set_intersection set_difference set_symmetric_difference Merge operations (on sorted ranges) merge inplace_merge Heap operations push_heap pop_heap make_heap sort_heap is_heap (C++11) is_heap_until (C++11) Minimum/maximum operations max min minmax (C++11) clamp (C++17) max_element min_element minmax_element (C++11) Lexicographical comparison operations lexicographical_compare lexicographical_compare_three_way (C++20) Permutation operations next_permutation prev_permutation is_permutation (C++11) C library qsort bsearch
Numeric operations
iota (C++11) inner_product adjacent_difference    accumulate reduce (C++17) transform_reduce (C++17)	partial_sum inclusive_scan (C++17)    exclusive_scan (C++17) transform_inclusive_scan (C++17) transform_exclusive_scan (C++17)
Operations on uninitialized memory
uninitialized_copy uninitialized_move (C++17)    uninitialized_fill uninitialized_copy_n (C++11) uninitialized_move_n (C++17) uninitialized_fill_n	destroy (C++17) destroy_n (C++17) destroy_at (C++17) construct_at (C++20)       uninitialized_default_construct (C++17) uninitialized_value_construct (C++17) uninitialized_default_construct_n (C++17) uninitialized_value_construct_n (C++17)

 

Constrained algorithms

All names in this menu belong to namespace std::ranges

Non-modifying sequence operations

all_ofany_ofnone_of for_each for_each_n    countcount_if adjacent_find mismatch equal lexicographical_compare    containscontains_subrange (C++23)(C++23) findfind_iffind_if_not find_lastfind_last_iffind_last_if_not (C++23)(C++23)(C++23)   find_end find_first_of search search_n starts_with (C++23) ends_with (C++23)

Modifying sequence operations

copycopy_if copy_n copy_backward    move move_backward shift_leftshift_right (C++23)(C++23)   fill fill_n generate generate_n    transform swap_ranges    shuffle sample removeremove_if replacereplace_if reverse rotate remove_copyremove_copy_if    unique replace_copyreplace_copy_if reverse_copy rotate_copy unique_copy

Partitioning operations

is_partitioned    partition_point    partition    partition_copy    stable_partition

Sorting operations

is_sorted is_sorted_until     sort stable_sort         partial_sort       nth_element partial_sort_copy

Binary search operations (on sorted ranges)

lower_bound         upper_bound         binary_search      equal_range

Set operations (on sorted ranges)

merge inplace_merge       set_difference set_intersection    set_union          includes set_symmetric_difference

Heap operations

is_heap is_heap_until       make_heap           sort_heap push_heap pop_heap

Minimum/maximum operations

max max_element         min min_element         minmax minmax_element     clamp

Permutation operations

is_permutation      next_permutation    prev_permutation

Fold operations

fold_left (C++23) fold_left_first (C++23)   fold_right (C++23) fold_right_last (C++23)   fold_left_with_iter (C++23) fold_left_first_with_iter (C++23)

Numeric operations iota (C++23)             Random number generation generate_random (C++26)

Operations on uninitialized storage

construct_at    destroy destroy_n destroy_at uninitialized_copy    uninitialized_move uninitialized_fill uninitialized_copy_n    uninitialized_move_n uninitialized_fill_n uninitialized_default_construct uninitialized_default_construct_n uninitialized_value_construct uninitialized_value_construct_n

Return types

in_fun_result in_in_result in_found_result    in_out_result in_in_out_result    in_out_out_result    min_max_result out_value_result (C++23) in_value_result (C++23)

 

Defined in header <algorithm>
Call signature
template< std::bidirectional_iterator I, std::sentinel_for<I> S,           class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj = std::identity > requires std::sortable<I, Comp, Proj>     I inplace_merge( I first, I middle, S last,                      Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {} );	(1)	(since C++20) (constexpr since C++26)
template< ranges::bidirectional_range R, class Comp = ranges::less,           class Proj = std::identity > requires std::sortable<ranges::iterator_t<R>, Comp, Proj> ranges::borrowed_iterator_t<R>     inplace_merge( R&& r, ranges::iterator_t<R> middle,                    Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {} );	(2)	(since C++20) (constexpr since C++26)

Merges two consecutive sorted ranges [first, middle) and [middle, last) into one sorted range [first, last).

A sequence is said to be sorted with respect to the comparator comp and projection proj if for any iterator it pointing to the sequence and any non-negative integer n such that it + n is a valid iterator pointing to an element of the sequence, std::invoke(comp, std::invoke(proj, *(it + n)), std::invoke(proj, *it))) evaluates to false.

This merge function is stable, which means that for equivalent elements in the original two ranges, the elements from the first range (preserving their original order) precede the elements from the second range (preserving their original order).

1) Elements are compared using the given binary comparison function comp and projection object proj, and the ranges must be sorted with respect to the same.

2) Same as (1), but uses r as the range, as if using ranges::begin(r) as first, and ranges::end(r) as last.

The function-like entities described on this page are niebloids, that is:

• Explicit template argument lists cannot be specified when calling any of them.
• None of them are visible to argument-dependent lookup.
• When any of them are found by normal unqualified lookup as the name to the left of the function-call operator, argument-dependent lookup is inhibited.

In practice, they may be implemented as function objects, or with special compiler extensions.

Parameters

first	-	the beginning of the first sorted range
middle	-	the end of the first range and the beginning of the second range
last	-	the end of the second sorted range
r	-	the range of elements to merge inplace
comp	-	comparison to apply to the projected elements
proj	-	projection to apply to the elements in the range

Return value

An iterator equal to last.

Complexity

Exactly N − 1 comparisons, if additional memory buffer is available, where N = ranges::distance(first, last). Otherwise, \(\scriptsize \mathcal{O}(N\cdot\log{(N)})\)𝓞(N•log(N)) comparisons. Additionally, twice as many projections as comparisons in both cases.

Notes

This function attempts to allocate a temporary buffer. If the allocation fails, the less efficient algorithm is chosen.

Feature-test macro	Value	Std	Feature
__cpp_lib_constexpr_algorithms	202306L	(C++26)	constexpr stable sorting

Possible implementation

This implementation only shows the slower algorithm used when no additional memory is available. See also the implementation in MSVC STL and libstdc++.

struct inplace_merge_fn { template<std::bidirectional_iterator I, std::sentinel_for<I> S, class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj = std::identity> requires std::sortable<I, Comp, Proj> constexpr I operator()(I first, I middle, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {}) const { I last_it = ranges::next(middle, last); inplace_merge_slow(first, middle, last_it, ranges::distance(first, middle), ranges::distance(middle, last_it), std::ref(comp), std::ref(proj)); return last_it; }   template<ranges::bidirectional_range R, class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj = std::identity> requires std::sortable<ranges::iterator_t<R>, Comp, Proj> constexpr ranges::borrowed_iterator_t<R> operator()(R&& r, ranges::iterator_t<R> middle, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {}) const { return (*this)(ranges::begin(r), std::move(middle), ranges::end(r), std::move(comp), std::move(proj)); }   private: template<class I, class Comp, class Proj> static constexpr void inplace_merge_slow(I first, I middle, I last, std::iter_difference_t<I> n1, std::iter_difference_t<I> n2, Comp comp, Proj proj) { if (n1 == 0 || n2 == 0) return; if (n1 + n2 == 2 && comp(proj(*middle), proj(*first))) { ranges::iter_swap(first, middle); return; }   I cut1 = first, cut2 = middle; std::iter_difference_t<I> d1{}, d2{};   if (n1 > n2) { d1 = n1 / 2; ranges::advance(cut1, d1); cut2 = ranges::lower_bound(middle, last, *cut1, std::ref(comp), std::ref(proj)); d2 = ranges::distance(middle, cut2); } else { d2 = n2 / 2; ranges::advance(cut2, d2); cut1 = ranges::upper_bound(first, middle, *cut2, std::ref(comp), std::ref(proj)); d1 = ranges::distance(first, cut1); }   I new_middle = ranges::rotate(cut1, middle, cut2); inplace_merge_slow(first, cut1, new_middle, d1, d2, std::ref(comp), std::ref(proj)); inplace_merge_slow(new_middle, cut2, last, n1 - d1, n2 - d2, std::ref(comp), std::ref(proj)); } };   inline constexpr inplace_merge_fn inplace_merge {};

Example

Run this code

#include <algorithm>
#include <complex>
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
#include <vector>
 
void print(auto const& v, auto const& rem, int middle = -1)
{
    for (int i{}; auto n : v)
        std::cout << (i++ == middle ? "│ " : "") << n << ' ';
    std::cout << rem << '\n';
}
 
template<std::random_access_iterator I, std::sentinel_for<I> S>
requires std::sortable<I>
void merge_sort(I first, S last)
{
    if (last - first > 1)
    {
        I middle{first + (last - first) / 2};
        merge_sort(first, middle);
        merge_sort(middle, last);
        std::ranges::inplace_merge(first, middle, last);
    }
}
 
int main()
{
    // custom merge-sort demo
    std::vector v{8, 2, 0, 4, 9, 8, 1, 7, 3};
    print(v, ": before sort");
    merge_sort(v.begin(), v.end());
    print(v, ": after sort\n");
 
    // merging with comparison function object and projection
    using CI = std::complex<int>;
    std::vector<CI> r{{0,1}, {0,2}, {0,3}, {1,1}, {1,2}};
    const auto middle{std::ranges::next(r.begin(), 3)};
    auto comp{std::ranges::less{}};
    auto proj{[](CI z) { return z.imag(); }};
 
    print(r, ": before merge", middle - r.begin());
    std::ranges::inplace_merge(r, middle, comp, proj);
    print(r, ": after merge");
}

Output:

8 2 0 4 9 8 1 7 3 : before sort
0 1 2 3 4 7 8 8 9 : after sort
 
(0,1) (0,2) (0,3) │ (1,1) (1,2) : before merge
(0,1) (1,1) (0,2) (1,2) (0,3) : after merge

See also

ranges::merge (C++20)	merges two sorted ranges (niebloid)
ranges::set_union (C++20)	computes the union of two sets (niebloid)
ranges::is_sorted (C++20)	checks whether a range is sorted into ascending order (niebloid)
ranges::sort (C++20)	sorts a range into ascending order (niebloid)
inplace_merge	merges two ordered ranges in-place (function template)