Constant initialization
Sets the initial values of the static variables to a compile-time constant.
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[edit] Explanation
If a static or thread-local(since C++11) variable is constant-initialized (see below), constant initialization is performed instead of zero initialization before all other initializations.
A variable or temporary object obj is constant-initialized if
- either it has an initializer or its default-initialization results in some initialization being performed, and
- its initialization full-expression is a constant expression, except that if obj is an object, that full-expression may also invoke constexpr constructors for obj and its subobjects even if those objects are of non-literal class types(since C++11).
The effects of constant initialization are the same as the effects of the corresponding initialization, except that it's guaranteed that it is complete before any other initialization of a static or thread-local(since C++11) object begins, and it may be performed at compile time.
[edit] Notes
The compiler is permitted to initialize other static and thread-local(since C++11) objects using constant initialization, if it can guarantee that the value would be the same as if the standard order of initialization was followed.
In practice, constant initialization is performed at compile time, and pre-calculated object representations are stored as part of the program image (e.g. in the .data section). If a variable is both const and constant initialized, its object representation may be stored in a read-only section of the program image (e.g. the .rodata section)
[edit] Example
#include <iostream> #include <array> struct S { static const int c; }; const int d = 10 * S::c; // not a constant expression: S::c has no preceding // initializer, this initialization happens after const const int S::c = 5; // constant initialization, guaranteed to happen first int main() { std::cout << "d = " << d << '\n'; std::array<int, S::c> a1; // OK: S::c is a constant expression // std::array<int, d> a2; // error: d is not a constant expression }
Output:
d = 50
[edit] Defect reports
The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.
| DR | Applied to | Behavior as published | Correct behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| CWG 441 | C++98 | references could not be constant initialized | made constant initializable |
| CWG 1489 | C++98 | it was unclear whether value-initializing an object can be a constant initialization |
it can |
| CWG 1747 | C++98 | binding a reference to a function could not be constant initialization | it can |
| CWG 1834 | C++11 | binding a reference to an xvalue could not be constant initialization | it can |
| CWG 2026 | C++98 | zero-initialization was specified to always occur first, even before constant initialization |
no zero-initialization if constant initialization applies |
| CWG 2366 | C++98 | default-initialization could not be constant initialization (constant initializers were required) |
it can |
