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Difference between revisions of "cpp/language/operator incdec"

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{{title|Increment/decrement operators}}
 
{{title|Increment/decrement operators}}
−
{{cpp/language/navbar}}
+
{{cpp/language/expressions/navbar}}
−
Increment/decrement operators increments or decrements the value of the object.  
+
Increment/decrement operators increment or decrement the value of the object.  
  
−
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
+
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! rowspan="2" | Operator name
+
!rowspan="2"|Operator name
−
! rowspan="2" | Syntax
+
!rowspan="2"|Syntax
−
! rowspan="2" | Over&#8203;load&#8203;able
+
!rowspan="2"|{{rlp|operators|Over&#8203;load&#8203;able}}
−
! colspan="2" | Prototype examples (for {{c|class T}})
+
!colspan="2"|Prototype examples (for {{c/core|class T}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Inside class definition
+
!Inside class definition
−
! Outside class definition
+
!Outside class definition
 
|-
 
|-
−
| pre-increment
+
|pre-increment
−
| {{tt|++a}}  
+
|{{tt|++a}}  
−
| {{yes}}
+
|{{yes}}
−
| {{c|T& T::operator++();}}  
+
|{{c|T& T::operator++();}}  
−
| {{c|T& operator++(T& a);}}
+
|{{c|T& operator++(T& a);}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| pre-decrement
+
|pre-decrement
−
| {{tt|--a}}  
+
|{{tt|--a}}  
−
| {{yes}}
+
|{{yes}}
−
| {{c|T& T::operator--();}}  
+
|{{c|T& T::operator--();}}  
−
| {{c|T& operator--(T& a);}}
+
|{{c|T& operator--(T& a);}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| post-increment
+
|post-increment
−
| {{tt|a++}}  
+
|{{tt|a++}}  
−
| {{yes}}
+
|{{yes}}
−
| {{c|T T::operator++(int);}}  
+
|{{c|T T::operator++(int);}}  
−
| {{c|T operator++(T& a, int);}}
+
|{{c|T operator++(T& a, int);}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| post-decrement
+
|post-decrement
−
| {{tt|a--}}  
+
|{{tt|a--}}  
−
| {{yes}}
+
|{{yes}}
−
| {{c|T T::operator--(int);}}  
+
|{{c|T T::operator--(int);}}  
−
| {{c|T operator--(T& a, int);}}
+
|{{c|T operator--(T& a, int);}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| colspan="5" |
+
|colspan="5"|
 
:'''Notes'''<br>
 
:'''Notes'''<br>
−
* Prefix forms of the built-in operators return references and postfix forms return values, and typical user-defined overloads follow the pattern so that the user-defined operators can be used in the same manner as the built-ins. However, in a user-defined operator overload, any type can be used as return type (including {{c|void}}).
+
* Prefix versions of the built-in operators return ''references'' and postfix versions return ''values'', and typical {{rlp|operators|user-defined overloads}} follow the pattern so that the user-defined operators can be used in the same manner as the built-ins. However, in a user-defined operator overload, any type can be used as return type (including {{c/core|void}}).
−
* The {{c|int}} parameter is a dummy parameter used to differentiate between pre- and post- in versions of the operators. When the user-defined postfix operator is called, the value passed in that parameter is always zero, although it may be changed by calling the operator using function call notation, e.g. {{c|a.operator++(2)}}.
+
* The {{c/core|int}} parameter is a dummy parameter used to differentiate between prefix and postfix versions of the operators. When the user-defined postfix operator is called, the value passed in that parameter is always zero, although it may be changed by calling the operator using function call notation (e.g., {{c|a.operator++(2)}} or {{c|operator++(a, 2)}}).
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
===Explanation===
+
===Prefix operators===
−
 
+
The prefix increment and decrement expressions have the form
−
''pre-increment'' and ''pre-decrement'' operators increments or decrements the value of the object and returns a reference to the result.
+
{{sdsc begin}}
−
 
+
{{sdsc|{{ttb|++}} {{spar|expression}}}}
−
''post-increment'' and ''post-decrement'' creates a copy of the object, increments or decrements the value of the object and returns the copy from before the increment or decrement.
+
{{sdsc|{{ttb|--}} {{spar|expression}}}}
 +
{{sdsc  end}}
 +
@1@ prefix increment (pre-increment)
 +
@2@ prefix decrement (pre-decrement)
  
 
====Built-in prefix operators====
 
====Built-in prefix operators====
 +
@1@ The expression {{c|++x}} is equivalent to {{c|1=x += 1}}, with the following exceptions:
 +
{{rev begin}}
 +
{{rev|until=c++17|
 +
* If the type of {{spar|expression}} is (possibly volatile-qualified) {{c/core|bool}}, {{spar|expression}} is set to {{c|true}}. Such a increment is deprecated.
 +
}}
 +
{{rev|since=c++17|
 +
* If the type of {{spar|expression}} is (possibly cv-qualified) {{c/core|bool}}, the program is ill-formed.
 +
}}
 +
{{rev|since=c++20|
 +
* If the type of {{spar|expression}} is volatile-qualified, the increment is deprecated.
 +
}}
 +
{{rev end}}
  
−
For every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type {{tt|A}} other than {{c|bool}}, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer {{tt|P}} to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:
+
@2@ The expression {{c|--x}} is equivalent to {{c|1=x -= 1}}, with the following exceptions:
−
{{ddcl list begin}}
+
* If the type of {{spar|expression}} is (possibly cv-qualified) {{c/core|bool}}, the program is ill-formed.
−
{{ddcl list item | A& operator++(A&)}}
+
{{rrev|since=c++20|
−
{{ddcl list item | bool& operator++(bool&) | notes={{mark deprecated}}}}
+
* If the type of {{spar|expression}} is volatile-qualified, the decrement is deprecated.
−
{{ddcl list item | P& operator++(P&)}}
+
}}
−
{{ddcl list item | A& operator--(A&)}}
+
 
−
{{ddcl list item | P& operator--(P&)}}
+
{{anchor|Prefix overloads}}
−
{{ddcl list end}}
+
  
−
The operand of a built-in prefix increment or decrement operator must be a modifiable lvalue (non-const reference) of non-boolean arithmetic type or pointer to complete object type. For these operands, the expression {{c|++x}} is exactly equivalent to {{c|1=x+=1}}, and the expression {{c|--x}} is exactly equivalent to {{c|1=x-=1}}, that is, the result is the updated operand, returned as lvalue, and all arithmetic conversion rules and pointer arithmetic rules defined for [[cpp/language/operator_arithmetic|arithmetic operators]] apply.
+
====Overloads====
 +
In {{rlp|overload resolution#Call to an overloaded operator|overload resolution against user-defined operators}}, for every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type {{tt|A}} other than {{c/core|bool}}, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer {{tt|P}} to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:
 +
{{dcl begin}}
 +
{{dcl|A& operator++(A&)}}
 +
{{dcl|bool& operator++(bool&)|notes={{mark deprecated}}{{mark until c++17}}}}
 +
{{dcl|P& operator++(P&)}}
 +
{{dcl|A& operator--(A&)}}
 +
{{dcl|P& operator--(P&)}}
 +
{{dcl end}}
  
−
If the operand of the preincrement operator is of type {{c|bool}}, it is set to {{c|true}} {{mark deprecated}}.
+
===Postfix operators===
 +
The postfix increment and decrement expressions have the form
 +
{{sdsc begin}}
 +
{{sdsc|{{spar|expression}} {{ttb|++}}}}
 +
{{sdsc|{{spar|expression}} {{ttb|--}}}}
 +
{{sdsc end}}
 +
@1@ postfix increment (post-increment)
 +
@2@ postfix decrement (post-decrement)
  
 
====Built-in postfix operators====
 
====Built-in postfix operators====
 +
The result of postfix increment or decrement is a prvalue copy of {{spar|expression}} before modification. The type of the result is the cv-unqualified version of the type of {{spar|expression}}.
  
−
For every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type {{tt|A}} other than {{c|bool}}, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer {{tt|P}} to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:
+
If {{spar|expression}} is not a modifiable lvalue of an arithmetic type{{rev inl|since=c++17| other than (possibly cv-qualified) {{c/core|bool}}}}, or a pointer to a complete object type, the program is ill-formed.
−
{{ddcl list begin}}
+
−
{{ddcl list item | A operator++(A&, int)}}
+
−
{{ddcl list item | bool operator++(bool&, int) | notes={{mark deprecated}}}}
+
−
{{ddcl list item | P operator++(P&, int)}}
+
−
{{ddcl list item | A operator--(A&, int)}}
+
−
{{ddcl list item | P operator--(P&, int)}}
+
−
{{ddcl list end}}
+
  
−
The operand of a built-in postfix increment or decrement operator must be a modifiable lvalue (non-const reference) of non-boolean arithmetic type or pointer to complete object type. The result is a prvalue, which is a copy the original value of the operand. As a side-effect, this operator modifies the value of its argument {{tt|arg}} as if by evaluating {{c|1=arg += 1}} or {{c|1=arg -= 1}}, for increment and decrement respectively. All arithmetic conversion rules and pointer arithmetic rules defined for [[cpp/language/operator_arithmetic|arithmetic operators]] apply.
+
{{rrev|since=c++20|
 +
If the type of {{spar|expression}} is volatile-qualified, the increment or decrement is deprecated.
 +
}}
  
−
If the operand of the postincrement operator is of type {{c|bool}}, it is set to {{c|true}} {{mark deprecated}}.
+
@1@ The value of {{spar|expression}} is modified as if it were the operand of the prefix {{tt|++}} operator.
 +
 
 +
@2@ The value of {{spar|expression}} is modified as if it were the operand of the prefix {{tt|--}} operator.
 +
 
 +
The value computation of a postfix increment or decrement is {{rlp|eval order|sequenced before}} the modification of {{spar|expression}}. With respect to an indeterminately-sequenced function call, the operation of a postfix increment or decrement is a single evaluation.
 +
 
 +
{{anchor|Postfix overloads}}
 +
====Overloads====
 +
In {{rlp|overload resolution#Call to an overloaded operator|overload resolution against user-defined operators}}, for every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type {{tt|A}} other than {{c/core|bool}}, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer {{tt|P}} to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:
 +
{{dcl begin}}
 +
{{dcl|A operator++(A&, int)}}
 +
{{dcl|bool operator++(bool&, int)|notes={{mark deprecated}}{{mark until c++17}}}}
 +
{{dcl|P operator++(P&, int)}}
 +
{{dcl|A operator--(A&, int)}}
 +
{{dcl|P operator--(P&, int)}}
 +
{{dcl end}}
  
 
====Example====
 
====Example====
 
{{example
 
{{example
−
|
+
|code=
−
| code=
+
 
#include <iostream>
 
#include <iostream>
 +
 
int main()
 
int main()
 
{
 
{
−
     int n = 1;
+
     int n1 = 1;
−
     int n2 = ++n;
+
     int n2 = ++n1;
−
     int n3 = ++ ++n;
+
     int n3 = ++ ++n1;
−
     int n4 = n++;
+
     int n4 = n1++;
−
//   int n5 = n++ ++; // compile error
+
// int n5 = n1++ ++;   // error
−
//   int n5 = n + ++n; // undefined behavior
+
// int n6 = n1 + ++n1; // undefined behavior
−
     std::cout << "n = " << n << '\n'
+
     std::cout << "n1 = " << n1 << '\n'
 
               << "n2 = " << n2 << '\n'
 
               << "n2 = " << n2 << '\n'
 
               << "n3 = " << n3 << '\n'
 
               << "n3 = " << n3 << '\n'
 
               << "n4 = " << n4 << '\n';
 
               << "n4 = " << n4 << '\n';
 
}
 
}
−
| output=
+
|output=
−
n = 5
+
n1 = 5
 
n2 = 2
 
n2 = 2
 
n3 = 4
 
n3 = 4
Line 105: Line 145:
  
 
===Notes===
 
===Notes===
−
Because of the side-effects involved, built-in increment and decrement operators must be used with care to avoid undefined behavior due to violations of [[cpp/language/eval_order|sequencing rules]].
+
Because of the side-effects involved, built-in increment and decrement operators must be used with care to avoid undefined behavior due to violations of {{rlp|eval order|sequencing rules}}.
  
−
Because a temporary copy of the object is constructed during the operation, ''pre-increment'' or ''pre-decrement'' operators are usually more efficient in contexts where the returned value is not used.
+
Because a temporary copy of the object is constructed during post-increment and post-decrement, pre-increment or pre-decrement operators are usually more efficient in contexts where the returned value is not used.
  
 
===Standard library===
 
===Standard library===
−
Increment and decrement operators are overloaded for many standard library types. In particular, every {{concept|Iterator}} overloads operator++ and every {{concept|BidirectionalIterator}} overloads operator--, even if those operators are no-ops for the particular iterator.
+
Increment and decrement operators are overloaded for many standard library types. In particular, every {{named req|Iterator}} overloads {{c/core|operator++}} and every {{named req|BidirectionalIterator}} overloads {{c/core|operator--}}, even if those operators are no-ops for the particular iterator.
 +
 
 +
{{dsc begin}}
 +
{{dsc h2|overloads for arithmetic types}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/atomic/atomic/dsc operator arith}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/chrono/duration/dsc operator arith2}}
 +
{{dsc h2|overloads for iterator types}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/memory/raw_storage_iterator/dsc operator arith}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/adaptor/dsc operator arith|reverse_iterator}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/adaptor/dsc operator arith|move_iterator}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/inserter/dsc operator arith|front_insert_iterator}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/inserter/dsc operator arith|back_insert_iterator}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/inserter/dsc operator arith|insert_iterator}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/istream_iterator/dsc operator arith}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/ostream_iterator/dsc operator arith}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/istreambuf_iterator/dsc operator arith}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/ostreambuf_iterator/dsc operator arith}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/regex/regex_iterator/dsc operator arith}}
 +
{{dsc inc|cpp/regex/regex_token_iterator/dsc operator arith}}
 +
{{dsc end}}
  
−
{{dcl list begin}}
+
===Defect reports===
−
{{dcl list h2 | overloads for arithmetic types}}
+
{{dr list begin}}
−
{{dcl list template | cpp/atomic/atomic/dcl list operator_arith}}
+
{{dr list item|wg=cwg|dr=2855|std=C++98|before=usual arithmetic conversions are applied for pre-increment and<br>pre-decrement, but were not applied to their postfix counterparts<ref>The prefix {{c|++x}} is equivalent to {{c|1=x += 1}}, and the latter is applicable for usual arithmetic conversions (i.e. yield a common type between {{c/core|decltype(x)}} and {{c/core|int}}). However, the effect of the postfix {{c|x++}} is simply “adding one to {{c|x}}”, there is no binary operator present, so no usual arithmetic conversions will take place.</ref>|after=also applied}}
−
{{dcl list mem fun | cpp/chrono/duration/operator_arith2 | title=operator++<br>operator++{{dcl small|(int)}}<br>operator--<br>operator--{{dcl small|(int)}}| increments or decrements the tick count}}
+
{{dr list end}}
−
{{dcl list h2 | overloads for iterator types}}
+
<references/>
−
{{dcl list template | cpp/memory/raw_storage_iterator/dcl list operator_arith}}
+
−
{{dcl list mem fun | cpp/iterator/reverse_iterator/operator_arith | title=operator++<br>operator++{{dcl small|(int)}}<br/>operator--<br>operator++{{dcl small|(int)}} | advances or decrements the iterator }}
+
−
{{dcl list template | cpp/iterator/inserter/dcl list operator_arith | front_insert_iterator}}
+
−
{{dcl list template | cpp/iterator/inserter/dcl list operator_arith | back_insert_iterator}}
+
−
{{dcl list template | cpp/iterator/inserter/dcl list operator_arith | insert_iterator}}
+
−
{{dcl list mem fun | cpp/iterator/move_iterator/operator++ | title=operator++<br>operator++{{dcl small|(int)}} | advances the iterator }}
+
−
{{dcl list mem fun | cpp/iterator/move_iterator/operator-- | title=operator--<br>operator--{{dcl small|(int)}} | decrements the iterator }}
+
−
{{dcl list template | cpp/iterator/istream_iterator/dcl list operator_arith}}
+
−
{{dcl list template | cpp/iterator/ostream_iterator/dcl list operator_arith}}
+
−
{{dcl list template | cpp/iterator/istreambuf_iterator/dcl list operator_arith}}
+
−
{{dcl list template | cpp/iterator/ostreambuf_iterator/dcl list operator_arith}}
+
−
{{dcl list template | cpp/regex/regex_iterator/dcl list operator_arith}}
+
−
{{dcl list template | cpp/regex/regex_token_iterator/dcl list operator_arith}}
+
−
{{dcl list end}}
+
  
 
===See also===
 
===See also===
 +
{{rlp|operator precedence|Operator precedence}}
  
−
[[cpp/language/operator precedence | Operator precedence]]
+
{{rlp|operators|Operator overloading}}
 +
 
{{cpp/language/operators}}
 
{{cpp/language/operators}}
 +
{{dsc begin}}
 +
{{dsc see c|c/language/operator incdec|Increment/decrement operators|nomono=true}}
 +
{{dsc end}}
  
−
[[de:cpp/language/operator incdec]]
+
{{langlinks|de|es|fr|it|ja|pt|ru|zh}}
−
[[es:cpp/language/operator incdec]]
+
−
[[fr:cpp/language/operator incdec]]
+
−
[[it:cpp/language/operator incdec]]
+
−
[[ja:cpp/language/operator incdec]]
+
−
[[pt:cpp/language/operator incdec]]
+
−
[[ru:cpp/language/operator incdec]]
+
−
[[zh:cpp/language/operator incdec]]
+

Latest revision as of 13:30, 14 August 2024

 
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Increment/decrement operators increment or decrement the value of the object.

Operator name Syntax Over​load​able Prototype examples (for class T)
Inside class definition Outside class definition
pre-increment ++a Yes T& T::operator++(); T& operator++(T& a);
pre-decrement --a Yes T& T::operator--(); T& operator--(T& a);
post-increment a++ Yes T T::operator++(int); T operator++(T& a, int);
post-decrement a-- Yes T T::operator--(int); T operator--(T& a, int);
Notes
  • Prefix versions of the built-in operators return references and postfix versions return values, and typical user-defined overloads follow the pattern so that the user-defined operators can be used in the same manner as the built-ins. However, in a user-defined operator overload, any type can be used as return type (including void).
  • The int parameter is a dummy parameter used to differentiate between prefix and postfix versions of the operators. When the user-defined postfix operator is called, the value passed in that parameter is always zero, although it may be changed by calling the operator using function call notation (e.g., a.operator++(2) or operator++(a, 2)).

Contents

[edit] Prefix operators

The prefix increment and decrement expressions have the form

++ expression
-- expression
1) prefix increment (pre-increment)
2) prefix decrement (pre-decrement)

[edit] Built-in prefix operators

1) The expression ++x is equivalent to x += 1, with the following exceptions:
  • If the type of expression is (possibly volatile-qualified) bool, expression is set to true. Such a increment is deprecated.
(until C++17)
  • If the type of expression is (possibly cv-qualified) bool, the program is ill-formed.
(since C++17)
  • If the type of expression is volatile-qualified, the increment is deprecated.
(since C++20)
2) The expression --x is equivalent to x -= 1, with the following exceptions:
  • If the type of expression is (possibly cv-qualified) bool, the program is ill-formed.
  • If the type of expression is volatile-qualified, the decrement is deprecated.
(since C++20)

[edit] Overloads

In overload resolution against user-defined operators, for every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type A other than bool, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer P to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

A& operator++(A&)
bool& operator++(bool&)
 (deprecated)(until C++17)
P& operator++(P&)
A& operator--(A&)
P& operator--(P&)

[edit] Postfix operators

The postfix increment and decrement expressions have the form

expression ++
expression --
1) postfix increment (post-increment)
2) postfix decrement (post-decrement)

[edit] Built-in postfix operators

The result of postfix increment or decrement is a prvalue copy of expression before modification. The type of the result is the cv-unqualified version of the type of expression.

If expression is not a modifiable lvalue of an arithmetic type other than (possibly cv-qualified) bool(since C++17), or a pointer to a complete object type, the program is ill-formed.

If the type of expression is volatile-qualified, the increment or decrement is deprecated.

(since C++20)
1) The value of expression is modified as if it were the operand of the prefix ++ operator.
2) The value of expression is modified as if it were the operand of the prefix -- operator.

The value computation of a postfix increment or decrement is sequenced before the modification of expression. With respect to an indeterminately-sequenced function call, the operation of a postfix increment or decrement is a single evaluation.

[edit] Overloads

In overload resolution against user-defined operators, for every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type A other than bool, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer P to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

A operator++(A&, int)
bool operator++(bool&, int)
 (deprecated)(until C++17)
P operator++(P&, int)
A operator--(A&, int)
P operator--(P&, int)

[edit] Example

Run this code
#include <iostream>
 
int main()
{
    int n1 = 1;
    int n2 = ++n1;
    int n3 = ++ ++n1;
    int n4 = n1++;
//  int n5 = n1++ ++;   // error
//  int n6 = n1 + ++n1; // undefined behavior
    std::cout << "n1 = " << n1 << '\n'
              << "n2 = " << n2 << '\n'
              << "n3 = " << n3 << '\n'
              << "n4 = " << n4 << '\n';
}

Output: 

n1 = 5
n2 = 2
n3 = 4
n4 = 4

[edit] Notes

Because of the side-effects involved, built-in increment and decrement operators must be used with care to avoid undefined behavior due to violations of sequencing rules.

Because a temporary copy of the object is constructed during post-increment and post-decrement, pre-increment or pre-decrement operators are usually more efficient in contexts where the returned value is not used.

[edit] Standard library

Increment and decrement operators are overloaded for many standard library types. In particular, every LegacyIterator overloads operator++ and every LegacyBidirectionalIterator overloads operator--, even if those operators are no-ops for the particular iterator.

overloads for arithmetic types
increments or decrements the atomic value by one
(public member function of std::atomic<T>) [edit]
increments or decrements the tick count
(public member function of std::chrono::duration<Rep,Period>) [edit]
overloads for iterator types
advances the iterator
(public member function of std::raw_storage_iterator<OutputIt,T>) [edit]
advances or decrements the iterator
(public member function of std::reverse_iterator<Iter>) [edit]
(C++11)
 advances or decrements the iterator
(public member function of std::move_iterator<Iter>) [edit]
no-op
(public member function of std::front_insert_iterator<Container>) [edit]
no-op
(public member function of std::back_insert_iterator<Container>) [edit]
no-op
(public member function of std::insert_iterator<Container>) [edit]
advances the iterator
(public member function of std::istream_iterator<T,CharT,Traits,Distance>) [edit]
no-op
(public member function of std::ostream_iterator<T,CharT,Traits>) [edit]
advances the iterator
(public member function of std::istreambuf_iterator<CharT,Traits>) [edit]
no-op
(public member function of std::ostreambuf_iterator<CharT,Traits>) [edit]
advances the iterator to the next match
(public member function of std::regex_iterator<BidirIt,CharT,Traits>) [edit]
advances the iterator to the next submatch
(public member function of std::regex_token_iterator<BidirIt,CharT,Traits>) [edit]

[edit] Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR Applied to Behavior as published Correct behavior
CWG 2855 C++98 usual arithmetic conversions are applied for pre-increment and
pre-decrement, but were not applied to their postfix counterparts[1] 		also applied
  1. ↑ The prefix ++x is equivalent to x += 1, and the latter is applicable for usual arithmetic conversions (i.e. yield a common type between decltype(x) and int). However, the effect of the postfix x++ is simply “adding one to x”, there is no binary operator present, so no usual arithmetic conversions will take place.

[edit] See also

Operator precedence

Operator overloading

Common operators
assignment increment
decrement 		arithmetic logical comparison member
access 		other

a = b
a += b
a -= b
a *= b
a /= b
a %= b
a &= b
a |= b
a ^= b
a <<= b
a >>= b

++a
--a
a++
a--

+a
-a
a + b
a - b
a * b
a / b
a % b
~a
a & b
a | b
a ^ b
a << b
a >> b

!a
a && b
a || b

a == b
a != b
a < b
a > b
a <= b
a >= b
a <=> b

a[...]
*a
&a
a->b
a.b
a->*b
a.*b

function call
a(...)
comma
a, b
conditional
a ? b : c
Special operators

static_cast converts one type to another related type
dynamic_cast converts within inheritance hierarchies
const_cast adds or removes cv-qualifiers
reinterpret_cast converts type to unrelated type
C-style cast converts one type to another by a mix of static_cast, const_cast, and reinterpret_cast
new creates objects with dynamic storage duration
delete destructs objects previously created by the new expression and releases obtained memory area
sizeof queries the size of a type
sizeof... queries the size of a parameter pack (since C++11)
typeid queries the type information of a type
noexcept checks if an expression can throw an exception (since C++11)
alignof queries alignment requirements of a type (since C++11)

C documentation for Increment/decrement operators
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