Difference between revisions of "cpp/language/operator incdec"

Latest revision as of 13:30, 14 August 2024

Increment/decrement operators increment or decrement the value of the object.

Operator name	Syntax	Overloadable	Prototype examples (for class T)
Operator name	Syntax	Overloadable	Inside class definition	Outside class definition
pre-increment	`++a`	Yes	T& T::operator++();	T& operator++(T& a);
pre-decrement	`--a`	Yes	T& T::operator--();	T& operator--(T& a);
post-increment	`a++`	Yes	T T::operator++(int);	T operator++(T& a, int);
post-decrement	`a--`	Yes	T T::operator--(int);	T operator--(T& a, int);
Notes Prefix versions of the built-in operators return references and postfix versions return values, and typical user-defined overloads follow the pattern so that the user-defined operators can be used in the same manner as the built-ins. However, in a user-defined operator overload, any type can be used as return type (including void). The int parameter is a dummy parameter used to differentiate between prefix and postfix versions of the operators. When the user-defined postfix operator is called, the value passed in that parameter is always zero, although it may be changed by calling the operator using function call notation (e.g., a.operator++(2) or operator++(a, 2)).

If the type of expression is (possibly volatile-qualified) bool, expression is set to true. Such a increment is deprecated.	(until C++17)
If the type of expression is (possibly cv-qualified) bool, the program is ill-formed.	(since C++17)
If the type of expression is volatile-qualified, the increment is deprecated.	(since C++20)

2) The expression --x is equivalent to x -= 1, with the following exceptions:

If the type of expression is (possibly cv-qualified) bool, the program is ill-formed.

If the type of expression is volatile-qualified, the decrement is deprecated.

(since C++20)

[edit] Overloads

In overload resolution against user-defined operators, for every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type A other than bool, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer P to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

A& operator++(A&)
bool& operator++(bool&)		(deprecated)(until C++17)
P& operator++(P&)
A& operator--(A&)
P& operator--(P&)

[edit] Postfix operators

The postfix increment and decrement expressions have the form


expression `++`

expression `--`

1) postfix increment (post-increment)

2) postfix decrement (post-decrement)

[edit] Built-in postfix operators

The result of postfix increment or decrement is a prvalue copy of expression before modification. The type of the result is the cv-unqualified version of the type of expression.

If expression is not a modifiable lvalue of an arithmetic type other than (possibly cv-qualified) bool(since C++17), or a pointer to a complete object type, the program is ill-formed.

If the type of expression is volatile-qualified, the increment or decrement is deprecated.

(since C++20)

1) The value of expression is modified as if it were the operand of the prefix ++ operator.

2) The value of expression is modified as if it were the operand of the prefix -- operator.

The value computation of a postfix increment or decrement is sequenced before the modification of expression. With respect to an indeterminately-sequenced function call, the operation of a postfix increment or decrement is a single evaluation.

[edit] Overloads

In overload resolution against user-defined operators, for every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type A other than bool, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer P to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

A operator++(A&, int)
bool operator++(bool&, int)		(deprecated)(until C++17)
P operator++(P&, int)
A operator--(A&, int)
P operator--(P&, int)

[edit] Example

Run this code

#include <iostream>
 
int main()
{
    int n1 = 1;
    int n2 = ++n1;
    int n3 = ++ ++n1;
    int n4 = n1++;
//  int n5 = n1++ ++;   // error
//  int n6 = n1 + ++n1; // undefined behavior
    std::cout << "n1 = " << n1 << '\n'
              << "n2 = " << n2 << '\n'
              << "n3 = " << n3 << '\n'
              << "n4 = " << n4 << '\n';
}

Output:

n1 = 5
n2 = 2
n3 = 4
n4 = 4

[edit] Notes

Because of the side-effects involved, built-in increment and decrement operators must be used with care to avoid undefined behavior due to violations of sequencing rules.

Because a temporary copy of the object is constructed during post-increment and post-decrement, pre-increment or pre-decrement operators are usually more efficient in contexts where the returned value is not used.

[edit] Standard library

Increment and decrement operators are overloaded for many standard library types. In particular, every LegacyIterator overloads operator++ and every LegacyBidirectionalIterator overloads operator--, even if those operators are no-ops for the particular iterator.

overloads for arithmetic types
operator++operator++(int)operator--operator--(int)	increments or decrements the atomic value by one (public member function of `std::atomic<T>`) [edit]
operator++operator++(int)operator--operator--(int)	increments or decrements the tick count (public member function of `std::chrono::duration<Rep,Period>`) [edit]
overloads for iterator types
operator++operator++(int)	advances the iterator (public member function of `std::raw_storage_iterator<OutputIt,T>`) [edit]
operator++operator++(int)operator+=operator+operator--operator--(int)operator-=operator-	advances or decrements the iterator (public member function of `std::reverse_iterator<Iter>`) [edit]
operator++operator++(int)operator+=operator+operator--operator--(int)operator-=operator- (C++11)	advances or decrements the iterator (public member function of `std::move_iterator<Iter>`) [edit]
operator++operator++(int)	no-op (public member function of `std::front_insert_iterator<Container>`) [edit]
operator++operator++(int)	no-op (public member function of `std::back_insert_iterator<Container>`) [edit]
operator++operator++(int)	no-op (public member function of `std::insert_iterator<Container>`) [edit]
operator++operator++(int)	advances the iterator (public member function of `std::istream_iterator<T,CharT,Traits,Distance>`) [edit]
operator++operator++(int)	no-op (public member function of `std::ostream_iterator<T,CharT,Traits>`) [edit]
operator++operator++(int)	advances the iterator (public member function of `std::istreambuf_iterator<CharT,Traits>`) [edit]
operator++operator++(int)	no-op (public member function of `std::ostreambuf_iterator<CharT,Traits>`) [edit]
operator++operator++(int)	advances the iterator to the next match (public member function of `std::regex_iterator<BidirIt,CharT,Traits>`) [edit]
operator++operator++(int)	advances the iterator to the next submatch (public member function of `std::regex_token_iterator<BidirIt,CharT,Traits>`) [edit]

[edit] Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR	Applied to	Behavior as published	Correct behavior
CWG 2855	C++98	usual arithmetic conversions are applied for pre-increment and pre-decrement, but were not applied to their postfix counterparts^[1]	also applied

↑ The prefix ++x is equivalent to x += 1, and the latter is applicable for usual arithmetic conversions (i.e. yield a common type between decltype(x) and int). However, the effect of the postfix x++ is simply “adding one to x”, there is no binary operator present, so no usual arithmetic conversions will take place.

[edit] See also

Operator precedence

Operator overloading

Common operators
assignment	increment decrement	arithmetic	logical	comparison	member access	other
a = b a += b a -= b a *= b a /= b a %= b a &= b a \|= b a ^= b a <<= b a >>= b	++a --a a++ a--	+a -a a + b a - b a * b a / b a % b ~a a & b a \| b a ^ b a << b a >> b	!a a && b a \|\| b	a == b a != b a < b a > b a <= b a >= b a <=> b	a[...] a &a a->b a.b a->b a.*b	function call
						a(...)
						comma
						a, b
						conditional
						a ? b : c
Special operators
`static_cast` converts one type to another related type `dynamic_cast` converts within inheritance hierarchies `const_cast` adds or removes cv-qualifiers `reinterpret_cast` converts type to unrelated type C-style cast converts one type to another by a mix of `static_cast`, `const_cast`, and `reinterpret_cast` `new` creates objects with dynamic storage duration `delete` destructs objects previously created by the new expression and releases obtained memory area `sizeof` queries the size of a type `sizeof...` queries the size of a parameter pack (since C++11) `typeid` queries the type information of a type `noexcept` checks if an expression can throw an exception (since C++11) `alignof` queries alignment requirements of a type (since C++11)

C documentation for Increment/decrement operators

[1] The prefix ++x is equivalent to x += 1, and the latter is applicable for usual arithmetic conversions (i.e. yield a common type between decltype(x) and int). However, the effect of the postfix x++ is simply “adding one to x”, there is no binary operator present, so no usual arithmetic conversions will take place.

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{title|Increment/decrement operators}}
 {{cpp/language/expressions/navbar}}
-Increment/decrement operators increments or decrements the value of the object.
+Increment/decrement operators increment or decrement the value of the object.
-{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
+{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
 |-
-! rowspan="2" | Operator name
+!rowspan="2"|Operator name
-! rowspan="2" | Syntax
+!rowspan="2"|Syntax
-! rowspan="2" | {{rlp|operators|Over&#8203;load&#8203;able}}
+!rowspan="2"|{{rlp|operators|Over&#8203;load&#8203;able}}
-! colspan="2" | Prototype examples (for {{c|class T}})
+!colspan="2"|Prototype examples (for {{c/core|class T}})
 |-
-! Inside class definition
+!Inside class definition
-! Outside class definition
+!Outside class definition
 |-
-| pre-increment
+|pre-increment
-| {{tt|++a}}
+|{{tt|++a}}
-| {{yes}}
+|{{yes}}
-| {{c|T& T::operator++();}}
+|{{c|T& T::operator++();}}
-| {{c|T& operator++(T& a);}}
+|{{c|T& operator++(T& a);}}
 |-
-| pre-decrement
+|pre-decrement
-| {{tt|--a}}
+|{{tt|--a}}
-| {{yes}}
+|{{yes}}
-| {{c|T& T::operator--();}}
+|{{c|T& T::operator--();}}
-| {{c|T& operator--(T& a);}}
+|{{c|T& operator--(T& a);}}
 |-
-| post-increment
+|post-increment
-| {{tt|a++}}
+|{{tt|a++}}
-| {{yes}}
+|{{yes}}
-| {{c|T T::operator++(int);}}
+|{{c|T T::operator++(int);}}
-| {{c|T operator++(T& a, int);}}
+|{{c|T operator++(T& a, int);}}
 |-
-| post-decrement
+|post-decrement
-| {{tt|a--}}
+|{{tt|a--}}
-| {{yes}}
+|{{yes}}
-| {{c|T T::operator--(int);}}
+|{{c|T T::operator--(int);}}
-| {{c|T operator--(T& a, int);}}
+|{{c|T operator--(T& a, int);}}
 |-
-| colspan="5" |
+|colspan="5"|
 :'''Notes'''<br>
-* Prefix forms of the built-in operators return references and postfix forms return values, and typical {{rlp|operators|user-defined overloads}} follow the pattern so that the user-defined operators can be used in the same manner as the built-ins. However, in a user-defined operator overload, any type can be used as return type (including {{c|void}}).
+* Prefix versions of the built-in operators return ''references'' and postfix versions return ''values'', and typical {{rlp|operators|user-defined overloads}} follow the pattern so that the user-defined operators can be used in the same manner as the built-ins. However, in a user-defined operator overload, any type can be used as return type (including {{c/core|void}}).
-* The {{c|int}} parameter is a dummy parameter used to differentiate between pre- and post- in versions of the operators. When the user-defined postfix operator is called, the value passed in that parameter is always zero, although it may be changed by calling the operator using function call notation, e.g. {{c|a.operator++(2)}}.
+* The {{c/core|int}} parameter is a dummy parameter used to differentiate between prefix and postfix versions of the operators. When the user-defined postfix operator is called, the value passed in that parameter is always zero, although it may be changed by calling the operator using function call notation (e.g., {{c|a.operator++(2)}} or {{c|operator++(a, 2)}}).
 |}
-===Explanation===
+===Prefix operators===
-''pre-increment'' and ''pre-decrement'' operators increments or decrements the value of the object and returns a reference to the result.
+The prefix increment and decrement expressions have the form
+{{sdsc begin}}
-''post-increment'' and ''post-decrement'' creates a copy of the object, increments or decrements the value of the object and returns the copy from before the increment or decrement.
+{{sdsc|{{ttb|++}} {{spar|expression}}}}
+{{sdsc|{{ttb|--}} {{spar|expression}}}}
+{{sdsc  end}}
+@1@ prefix increment (pre-increment)
+@2@ prefix decrement (pre-decrement)
 ====Built-in prefix operators====
-For every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type {{tt|A}} other than {{c|bool}}, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer {{tt|P}} to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:
+@1@ The expression {{c|++x}} is equivalent to {{c|1=x += 1}}, with the following exceptions:
-{{dcl begin}}
+{{rev begin}}
-{{dcl | A& operator++(A&)}}
+{{rev|until=c++17|
-{{dcl | bool& operator++(bool&) | notes={{mark deprecated}}}}
+* If the type of {{spar|expression}} is (possibly volatile-qualified) {{c/core|bool}}, {{spar|expression}} is set to {{c|true}}. Such a increment is deprecated.
-{{dcl | P& operator++(P&)}}
+}}
-{{dcl | A& operator--(A&)}}
+{{rev|since=c++17|
-{{dcl | P& operator--(P&)}}
+* If the type of {{spar|expression}} is (possibly cv-qualified) {{c/core|bool}}, the program is ill-formed.
-{{dcl end}}
+}}
+{{rev|since=c++20|
+* If the type of {{spar|expression}} is volatile-qualified, the increment is deprecated.
+}}
+{{rev end}}
-The operand of a built-in prefix increment or decrement operator must be a modifiable (non-const) {{rlp|value category|lvalue}} of non-boolean arithmetic type or pointer to complete {{rlp|type|object type}}. For these operands, the expression {{c|++x}} is exactly equivalent to {{c|1=x+=1}}, and the expression {{c|--x}} is exactly equivalent to {{c|1=x-=1}}, that is, the result is the updated operand, returned as lvalue, and all arithmetic conversion rules and pointer arithmetic rules defined for [[cpp/language/operator_arithmetic|arithmetic operators]] apply.
+@2@ The expression {{c|--x}} is equivalent to {{c|1=x -= 1}}, with the following exceptions:
+* If the type of {{spar|expression}} is (possibly cv-qualified) {{c/core|bool}}, the program is ill-formed.
+{{rrev|since=c++20|
+* If the type of {{spar|expression}} is volatile-qualified, the decrement is deprecated.
+}}
-If the operand of the preincrement operator is of type {{c|bool}}, it is set to {{c|true}} {{mark deprecated}}.
+{{anchor|Prefix overloads}}
-====Built-in postfix operators====
+====Overloads====
-For every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type {{tt|A}} other than {{c|bool}}, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer {{tt|P}} to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:
+In {{rlp|overload resolution#Call to an overloaded operator|overload resolution against user-defined operators}}, for every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type {{tt|A}} other than {{c/core|bool}}, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer {{tt|P}} to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:
 {{dcl begin}}
-{{dcl | A operator++(A&, int)}}
+{{dcl|A& operator++(A&)}}
-{{dcl | bool operator++(bool&, int) | notes={{mark deprecated}}}}
+{{dcl|bool& operator++(bool&)|notes={{mark deprecated}}{{mark until c++17}}}}
-{{dcl | P operator++(P&, int)}}
+{{dcl|P& operator++(P&)}}
-{{dcl | A operator--(A&, int)}}
+{{dcl|A& operator--(A&)}}
-{{dcl | P operator--(P&, int)}}
+{{dcl|P& operator--(P&)}}
 {{dcl end}}
-The operand of a built-in postfix increment or decrement operator must be a modifiable (non-const) {{rlp|value category|lvalue}} of non-boolean arithmetic type or pointer to complete {{rlp|type|object type}}. The result is a prvalue, which is a copy the original value of the operand. As a side-effect, this operator modifies the value of its argument {{tt|arg}} as if by evaluating {{c|1=arg += 1}} or {{c|1=arg -= 1}}, for increment and decrement respectively. All arithmetic conversion rules and pointer arithmetic rules defined for [[cpp/language/operator_arithmetic|arithmetic operators]] apply.
+===Postfix operators===
+The postfix increment and decrement expressions have the form
+{{sdsc begin}}
+{{sdsc|{{spar|expression}} {{ttb|++}}}}
+{{sdsc|{{spar|expression}} {{ttb|--}}}}
+{{sdsc end}}
+@1@ postfix increment (post-increment)
+@2@ postfix decrement (post-decrement)
-If the operand of the post-increment operator is of type {{c|bool}}, it is set to {{c|true}} {{mark deprecated}}.
+====Built-in postfix operators====
+The result of postfix increment or decrement is a prvalue copy of {{spar|expression}} before modification. The type of the result is the cv-unqualified version of the type of {{spar|expression}}.
+If {{spar|expression}} is not a modifiable lvalue of an arithmetic type{{rev inl|since=c++17| other than (possibly cv-qualified) {{c/core|bool}}}}, or a pointer to a complete object type, the program is ill-formed.
+{{rrev|since=c++20|
+If the type of {{spar|expression}} is volatile-qualified, the increment or decrement is deprecated.
+}}
+@1@ The value of {{spar|expression}} is modified as if it were the operand of the prefix {{tt|++}} operator.
+@2@ The value of {{spar|expression}} is modified as if it were the operand of the prefix {{tt|--}} operator.
+The value computation of a postfix increment or decrement is {{rlp|eval order|sequenced before}} the modification of {{spar|expression}}. With respect to an indeterminately-sequenced function call, the operation of a postfix increment or decrement is a single evaluation.
+{{anchor|Postfix overloads}}
+====Overloads====
+In {{rlp|overload resolution#Call to an overloaded operator|overload resolution against user-defined operators}}, for every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type {{tt|A}} other than {{c/core|bool}}, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer {{tt|P}} to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:
+{{dcl begin}}
+{{dcl|A operator++(A&, int)}}
+{{dcl|bool operator++(bool&, int)|notes={{mark deprecated}}{{mark until c++17}}}}
+{{dcl|P operator++(P&, int)}}
+{{dcl|A operator--(A&, int)}}
+{{dcl|P operator--(P&, int)}}
+{{dcl end}}
 ====Example====
 {{example
- |
+|code=
- | code=
 #include <iostream>
@@ Line 95: / Line 137: @@
                << "n4 = " << n4 << '\n';
 }
- | output=
+|output=
 n1 = 5
 n2 = 2
@@ Line 103: / Line 145: @@
 ===Notes===
-Because of the side-effects involved, built-in increment and decrement operators must be used with care to avoid undefined behavior due to violations of [[cpp/language/eval_order|sequencing rules]].
+Because of the side-effects involved, built-in increment and decrement operators must be used with care to avoid undefined behavior due to violations of {{rlp|eval order|sequencing rules}}.
-Because a temporary copy of the object is constructed during post-increment and post-decrement, ''pre-increment'' or ''pre-decrement'' operators are usually more efficient in contexts where the returned value is not used.
+Because a temporary copy of the object is constructed during post-increment and post-decrement, pre-increment or pre-decrement operators are usually more efficient in contexts where the returned value is not used.
 ===Standard library===
-Increment and decrement operators are overloaded for many standard library types. In particular, every {{concept|Iterator}} overloads operator++ and every {{concept|BidirectionalIterator}} overloads operator--, even if those operators are no-ops for the particular iterator.
+Increment and decrement operators are overloaded for many standard library types. In particular, every {{named req|Iterator}} overloads {{c/core|operator++}} and every {{named req|BidirectionalIterator}} overloads {{c/core|operator--}}, even if those operators are no-ops for the particular iterator.
 {{dsc begin}}
-{{dsc h2 | overloads for arithmetic types}}
+{{dsc h2|overloads for arithmetic types}}
-{{dsc inc | cpp/atomic/atomic/dsc operator_arith}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/atomic/atomic/dsc operator arith}}
-{{dsc inc | cpp/chrono/duration/dsc operator_arith2}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/chrono/duration/dsc operator arith2}}
-{{dsc h2 | overloads for iterator types}}
+{{dsc h2|overloads for iterator types}}
-{{dsc inc | cpp/memory/raw_storage_iterator/dsc operator_arith}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/memory/raw_storage_iterator/dsc operator arith}}
-{{dsc inc | cpp/iterator/adaptor/dsc operator_arith | reverse_iterator}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/adaptor/dsc operator arith|reverse_iterator}}
-{{dsc inc | cpp/iterator/adaptor/dsc operator_arith | move_iterator}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/adaptor/dsc operator arith|move_iterator}}
-{{dsc inc | cpp/iterator/inserter/dsc operator_arith | front_insert_iterator}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/inserter/dsc operator arith|front_insert_iterator}}
-{{dsc inc | cpp/iterator/inserter/dsc operator_arith | back_insert_iterator}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/inserter/dsc operator arith|back_insert_iterator}}
-{{dsc inc | cpp/iterator/inserter/dsc operator_arith | insert_iterator}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/inserter/dsc operator arith|insert_iterator}}
-{{dsc inc | cpp/iterator/istream_iterator/dsc operator_arith}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/istream_iterator/dsc operator arith}}
-{{dsc inc | cpp/iterator/ostream_iterator/dsc operator_arith}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/ostream_iterator/dsc operator arith}}
-{{dsc inc | cpp/iterator/istreambuf_iterator/dsc operator_arith}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/istreambuf_iterator/dsc operator arith}}
-{{dsc inc | cpp/iterator/ostreambuf_iterator/dsc operator_arith}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/iterator/ostreambuf_iterator/dsc operator arith}}
-{{dsc inc | cpp/regex/regex_iterator/dsc operator_arith}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/regex/regex_iterator/dsc operator arith}}
-{{dsc inc | cpp/regex/regex_token_iterator/dsc operator_arith}}
+{{dsc inc|cpp/regex/regex_token_iterator/dsc operator arith}}
 {{dsc end}}
+===Defect reports===
+{{dr list begin}}
+{{dr list item|wg=cwg|dr=2855|std=C++98|before=usual arithmetic conversions are applied for pre-increment and<br>pre-decrement, but were not applied to their postfix counterparts<ref>The prefix {{c|++x}} is equivalent to {{c|1=x += 1}}, and the latter is applicable for usual arithmetic conversions (i.e. yield a common type between {{c/core|decltype(x)}} and {{c/core|int}}). However, the effect of the postfix {{c|x++}} is simply “adding one to {{c|x}}”, there is no binary operator present, so no usual arithmetic conversions will take place.</ref>|after=also applied}}
+{{dr list end}}
+<references/>
 ===See also===
-[[cpp/language/operator precedence | Operator precedence]]
+{{rlp|operator precedence|Operator precedence}}
-[[cpp/language/operators| Operator overloading]]
+{{rlp|operators|Operator overloading}}
 {{cpp/language/operators}}
+{{dsc begin}}
+{{dsc see c|c/language/operator incdec|Increment/decrement operators|nomono=true}}
+{{dsc end}}
-[[de:cpp/language/operator incdec]]
+{{langlinks|de|es|fr|it|ja|pt|ru|zh}}
-[[es:cpp/language/operator incdec]]
-[[fr:cpp/language/operator incdec]]
-[[it:cpp/language/operator incdec]]
-[[ja:cpp/language/operator incdec]]
-[[pt:cpp/language/operator incdec]]
-[[ru:cpp/language/operator incdec]]
-[[zh:cpp/language/operator incdec]]

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Difference between revisions of "cpp/language/operator incdec"

Latest revision as of 13:30, 14 August 2024

Contents

[edit] Prefix operators

[edit] Built-in prefix operators

[edit] Overloads

[edit] Postfix operators

[edit] Built-in postfix operators

[edit] Overloads

[edit] Example

[edit] Notes

[edit] Standard library

overloads for arithmetic types

overloads for iterator types

[edit] Defect reports

[edit] See also

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