Difference between revisions of "cpp/language/operator incdec"

Revision as of 10:20, 24 August 2015

Increment/decrement operators increments or decrements the value of the object.

Explanation

Pre-increment and pre-decrement operators increments or decrements the value of the object and returns a reference to the result.

Post-increment and post-decrement creates a copy of the object, increments or decrements the value of the object and returns the copy from before the increment or decrement.

Built-in prefix operators

For every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type A other than bool, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer P to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

The operand of a built-in prefix increment or decrement operator must be a modifiable (non-const) lvalue of non-boolean arithmetic type or pointer to complete object type. The expression ++x is exactly equivalent to x += 1, and the expression --x is exactly equivalent to x -= 1, that is, the result is a reference to the modified value of the operand, returned as lvalue. All arithmetic conversion rules and pointer arithmetic rules defined for arithmetic operators apply.

If the operand of the pre-increment operator is of type bool, it is set to true (deprecated).

Built-in postfix operators

For every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type A other than bool, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer P to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

The operand of a built-in postfix increment or decrement operator must be a modifiable (non-const) lvalue of non-boolean arithmetic type or pointer to complete object type. The result is a copy of the original value of the operand, returned as prvalue. As a side-effect, the expression x++ modifies the value of its operand as if by evaluating x += 1, and the expression --x modifies the value of its operand as if by evaluating {{c|1=x -= 1}. All arithmetic conversion rules and pointer arithmetic rules defined for arithmetic operators apply.

If the operand of the post-increment operator is of type bool, it is set to true (deprecated).

Example

#include <iostream>
 
int main()
{
    int n1 = 1;
    int n2 = ++n1;
    int n3 = ++ ++n1;
    int n4 = n1++;
//  int n5 = n1++ ++;   // error
//  int n6 = n1 + ++n1; // undefined behavior
    std::cout << "n1 = " << n1 << '\n'
              << "n2 = " << n2 << '\n'
              << "n3 = " << n3 << '\n'
              << "n4 = " << n4 << '\n';
}

n1 = 5
n2 = 2
n3 = 4
n4 = 4

Notes

Because of the side-effects involved, built-in increment and decrement operators must be used with care to avoid undefined behavior due to violations of sequencing rules.

Because a temporary copy of the object is constructed during post-increment and post-decrement, pre-increment or pre-decrement operators are usually more efficient in contexts where the returned value is not used.

Standard library

Increment and decrement operators are overloaded for many standard library types. In particular, every Template:concept overloads operator++ and every Template:concept overloads operator--, even if those operators are no-ops for the particular iterator.

See also

Operator precedence

Operator overloading