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Difference between revisions of "cpp/algorithm/find first of"

From cppreference.com
< cpp‎ | algorithm
(Incorrect example)
(Uses {{mark constexpr since c++20}}.)
 
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{{cpp/algorithm/navbar}}
 
{{cpp/algorithm/navbar}}
 
{{dcl begin}}
 
{{dcl begin}}
−
{{dcl header | algorithm}}
+
{{dcl header|algorithm}}
−
{{dcl rev begin | num=1}}
+
{{dcla|num=1|notes={{mark constexpr since c++20}}|
−
{{dcl | since= | until=c++11 | num= |1=
+
−
 
+
−
template< class ForwardIt1, class ForwardIt2 >
+
−
ForwardIt1 find_first_of( ForwardIt1 first, ForwardIt1 last,
+
−
                          ForwardIt2 s_first, ForwardIt2 s_last );
+
−
 
+
−
}}
+
−
{{dcl|since=c++11|until=c++20|1=
+
 
template< class InputIt, class ForwardIt >
 
template< class InputIt, class ForwardIt >
 
InputIt find_first_of( InputIt first, InputIt last,
 
InputIt find_first_of( InputIt first, InputIt last,
 
                       ForwardIt s_first, ForwardIt s_last );
 
                       ForwardIt s_first, ForwardIt s_last );
 
}}
 
}}
−
{{dcl|since=c++20|1=
+
{{dcl|num=2|since=c++17|
−
template< class InputIt, class ForwardIt >
+
−
constexpr InputIt find_first_of( InputIt first, InputIt last,
+
−
                                ForwardIt s_first, ForwardIt s_last );
+
−
}}
+
−
{{dcl rev end}}
+
−
{{dcl | since=c++17 | until= | num=2 |1=
+
 
template< class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIt1, class ForwardIt2 >
 
template< class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIt1, class ForwardIt2 >
−
ForwardIt1 find_first_of( ExecutionPolicy&& policy, ForwardIt1 first, ForwardIt1 last,
+
ForwardIt1 find_first_of( ExecutionPolicy&& policy,
−
                      ForwardIt2 s_first, ForwardIt2 s_last );
+
                          ForwardIt1 first, ForwardIt1 last,
 +
                          ForwardIt2 s_first, ForwardIt2 s_last );
 
}}
 
}}
−
{{dcl rev begin | num=3}}
+
{{dcla|num=3|notes={{mark constexpr since c++20}}|
−
{{dcl | since= | until=c++11 | num= |1=
+
template< class InputIt, class ForwardIt, class BinaryPred >
−
 
+
−
template< class ForwardIt1, class ForwardIt2, class BinaryPredicate >
+
−
ForwardIt1 find_first_of( ForwardIt1 first, ForwardIt1 last,
+
−
                          ForwardIt2 s_first, ForwardIt2 s_last, BinaryPredicate p );
+
−
 
+
−
}}
+
−
{{dcl|since=c++11|until=c++20|1=
+
−
template< class InputIt, class ForwardIt, class BinaryPredicate >
+
 
InputIt find_first_of( InputIt first, InputIt last,
 
InputIt find_first_of( InputIt first, InputIt last,
−
                       ForwardIt s_first, ForwardIt s_last, BinaryPredicate p );
+
                       ForwardIt s_first, ForwardIt s_last,
−
}}
+
                      BinaryPred p );
−
{{dcl|since=c++20|1=
+
−
template< class InputIt, class ForwardIt, class BinaryPredicate >
+
−
constexpr InputIt find_first_of( InputIt first, InputIt last,
+
−
                                ForwardIt s_first, ForwardIt s_last, BinaryPredicate p );
+
 
}}
 
}}
−
{{dcl rev end}}
+
{{dcl|num=4|since=c++17|
−
{{dcl | since=c++17 | until= | num=4 |1=
+
template< class ExecutionPolicy,
−
template< class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIt1, class ForwardIt2, class BinaryPredicate >
+
          class ForwardIt1, class ForwardIt2, class BinaryPred >
−
ForwardIt1 find_first_of( ExecutionPolicy&& policy, ForwardIt1 first, ForwardIt last,
+
ForwardIt1 find_first_of( ExecutionPolicy&& policy,
−
                      ForwardIt2 s_first, ForwardIt2 s_last, BinaryPredicate p );
+
                          ForwardIt1 first, ForwardIt last,
 +
                          ForwardIt2 s_first, ForwardIt2 s_last,
 +
                          BinaryPred p );
 
}}
 
}}
 
{{dcl end}}
 
{{dcl end}}
  
−
Searches the range {{tt|[first, last)}} for any of the elements in the range {{tt|[s_first, s_last)}}.  
+
Searches the range {{range|first|last}} for any of the elements in the range {{range|s_first|s_last}}.
 +
 
 +
@1@ Elements are compared using {{c/core|1=operator==}}.
 +
 
 +
@3@ Elements are compared using the given binary predicate {{c|p}}.
 +
 
 +
@2,4@ Same as {{v|1,3}}, but executed according to {{c|policy}}.
 +
@@ {{cpp/algorithm/parallel overload precondition|plural=yes}}
  
−
@1@ Elements are compared using {{tt|operator{{==}}}}.
 
−
@3@ Elements are compared using the given binary predicate {{tt|p}}.
 
−
@2,4@ Same as {{v|1,3}}, but executed according to {{tt|policy}}. {{cpp/algorithm/parallel overload precondition|plural=true}}
 
 
===Parameters===
 
===Parameters===
 
{{par begin}}
 
{{par begin}}
−
{{par | first, last | the range of elements to examine}}
+
{{par|first, last|the range of elements to examine}}
−
{{par | s_first, s_last | the range of elements to search for}}
+
{{par|s_first, s_last|the range of elements to search for}}
 
{{par exec pol}}
 
{{par exec pol}}
−
{{par pred2 eq | p | p1=ForwardIt1 | p2=ForwardIt2}}
+
{{par pred2 eq|p|p1=ForwardIt1|p2=ForwardIt2}}
 
{{par hreq}}
 
{{par hreq}}
−
{{par req named | InputIt | InputIterator}}
+
{{par req named|InputIt|InputIterator}}
−
{{par req named | ForwardIt1 | ForwardIterator}}
+
{{par req named|ForwardIt|ForwardIterator}}
−
{{par req named | ForwardIt2 | ForwardIterator}}
+
{{par req named|ForwardIt1|ForwardIterator}}
 +
{{par req named|ForwardIt2|ForwardIterator}}
 +
{{par req named|BinaryPred|BinaryPredicate}}
 
{{par end}}
 
{{par end}}
  
 
===Return value===
 
===Return value===
−
Iterator to the first element in the range {{tt|[first, last)}} that is equal to an element from the range {{tt|[s_first, s_last)}}. If no such element is found, {{tt|last}} is returned.
+
Iterator to the first element in the range {{range|first|last}} that is equal to an element from the range {{range|s_first|s_last}}.
 +
 
 +
If {{range|s_first|s_last}} is empty or if no such element is found, {{c|last}} is returned.
  
 
===Complexity===
 
===Complexity===
−
Does at most {{tt|(S*N)}} comparisons where {{c|1=S = std::distance(s_first, s_last)}} and {{c|1=N = std::distance(first, last)}}.
+
Given {{mathjax-or|\(\scriptsize N\)|N}} as {{c|std::distance(first, last)}} and {{mathjax-or|\(\scriptsize S\)|S}} as {{c|std::distance(s_first, s_last)}}:
 +
@1,2@ At most {{mathjax-or|\(\scriptsize N\cdot S\)|N&middot;S}} comparisons using {{c/core|1=operator==}}.
 +
@3,4@ At most {{mathjax-or|\(\scriptsize N\cdot S\)|N&middot;S}} applications of the predicate {{c|p}}.
  
 
===Exceptions===
 
===Exceptions===
−
{{cpp/algorithm/parallel_exceptions_reporting_behavior|singular=no}}
+
{{cpp/algorithm/parallel exceptions reporting behavior|singular=no}}
 +
 
 
===Possible implementation===
 
===Possible implementation===
−
{{eq fun
+
{{eq impl
−
| 1=
+
|title1=find_first_of (1)|ver1=1|1=
 
template<class InputIt, class ForwardIt>
 
template<class InputIt, class ForwardIt>
 
InputIt find_first_of(InputIt first, InputIt last,
 
InputIt find_first_of(InputIt first, InputIt last,
 
                       ForwardIt s_first, ForwardIt s_last)
 
                       ForwardIt s_first, ForwardIt s_last)
 
{
 
{
−
     for (; first != last; ++first) {
+
     for (; first != last; ++first)
−
         for (ForwardIt it = s_first; it != s_last; ++it) {
+
         for (ForwardIt it = s_first; it != s_last; ++it)
−
             if (*first == *it) {
+
             if (*first == *it)
 
                 return first;
 
                 return first;
−
            }
 
−
        }
 
−
    }
 
 
     return last;
 
     return last;
 
}
 
}
−
| 2=
+
|title2=find_first_of (3)|ver2=3|2=
−
template<class InputIt, class ForwardIt, class BinaryPredicate>
+
template<class InputIt, class ForwardIt, class BinaryPred>
 
InputIt find_first_of(InputIt first, InputIt last,
 
InputIt find_first_of(InputIt first, InputIt last,
 
                       ForwardIt s_first, ForwardIt s_last,
 
                       ForwardIt s_first, ForwardIt s_last,
−
                       BinaryPredicate p)
+
                       BinaryPred p)
 
{
 
{
−
     for (; first != last; ++first) {
+
     for (; first != last; ++first)
−
         for (ForwardIt it = s_first; it != s_last; ++it) {
+
         for (ForwardIt it = s_first; it != s_last; ++it)
−
             if (p(*first, *it)) {
+
             if (p(*first, *it))
 
                 return first;
 
                 return first;
−
            }
 
−
        }
 
−
    }
 
 
     return last;
 
     return last;
 
}
 
}
 
}}
 
}}
 +
 +
===Example===
 +
{{example
 +
|The following code searches for any of specified integers in a vector of integers:
 +
|code=
 +
#include <algorithm>
 +
#include <iostream>
 +
#include <vector>
 +
 +
auto print_sequence = [](const auto id, const auto& seq, int pos = -1)
 +
{
 +
    std::cout << id << "{ ";
 +
    for (int i{}; auto const& e : seq)
 +
    {
 +
        const bool mark{i == pos};
 +
        std::cout << (i++ ? ", " : "");
 +
        std::cout << (mark ? "[ " : "") << e << (mark ? " ]" : "");
 +
    }
 +
    std::cout << " }\n";
 +
};
 +
 +
int main()
 +
{
 +
    const std::vector<int> v{0, 2, 3, 25, 5};
 +
    const auto t1 = {19, 10, 3, 4};
 +
    const auto t2 = {1, 6, 7, 9};
 +
   
 +
    auto find_any_of = [](const auto& v, const auto& t)
 +
    {
 +
        const auto result = std::find_first_of(v.begin(), v.end(),
 +
                                              t.begin(), t.end());
 +
        if (result == v.end())
 +
        {
 +
            std::cout << "No elements of v are equal to any element of ";
 +
            print_sequence("t = ", t);
 +
            print_sequence("v = ", v);
 +
        }
 +
        else
 +
        {
 +
            const auto pos = std::distance(v.begin(), result);
 +
            std::cout << "Found a match (" << *result << ") at position " << pos;
 +
            print_sequence(", where t = ", t);
 +
            print_sequence("v = ", v, pos);
 +
        }
 +
    };
 +
   
 +
    find_any_of(v, t1);
 +
    find_any_of(v, t2);
 +
}
 +
|output=
 +
Found a match (3) at position 2, where t = { 19, 10, 3, 4 }
 +
v = { 0, 2, [ 3 ], 25, 5 }
 +
No elements of v are equal to any element of t = { 1, 6, 7, 9 }
 +
v = { 0, 2, 3, 25, 5 }
 +
}}
 +
 +
===Defect reports===
 +
{{dr list begin}}
 +
{{dr list item|wg=lwg|dr=576|std=C++98|before={{c|first}} and {{c|last}} needed to be {{named req|ForwardIterator}}s|after=they only need to be<br>{{named req|InputIterator}}s}}
 +
{{dr list item|wg=lwg|dr=1205|std=C++98|before=the return value was unclear if {{range|s_first|s_last}} is empty|after=returns {{c|last}} in this case}}
 +
{{dr list end}}
  
 
===See also===
 
===See also===
 
{{dsc begin}}
 
{{dsc begin}}
−
{{dsc inc | cpp/algorithm/dsc find}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/algorithm/dsc find}}
−
{{dsc inc | cpp/algorithm/ranges/dsc find_first_of}}
+
{{dsc inc|cpp/algorithm/ranges/dsc find_first_of}}
 
{{dsc end}}
 
{{dsc end}}
  
 
{{langlinks|de|es|fr|it|ja|pt|ru|zh}}
 
{{langlinks|de|es|fr|it|ja|pt|ru|zh}}

Latest revision as of 21:44, 19 March 2024

 
C++
 
Algorithm library
Constrained algorithms and algorithms on ranges (C++20)
Constrained algorithms, e.g. ranges::copy, ranges::sort, ...
Execution policies (C++17)
Non-modifying sequence operations
Batch operations
(C++17)
Search operations
(C++11)                (C++11)(C++11)

Modifying sequence operations
Copy operations
(C++11)
(C++11)
(C++11)
Swap operations
Transformation operations
Generation operations
Removing operations
Order-changing operations
(until C++17)(C++11)
(C++20)(C++20)
Sampling operations
(C++17)

Sorting and related operations
Partitioning operations
Sorting operations
Binary search operations
(on partitioned ranges)
Set operations (on sorted ranges)
Merge operations (on sorted ranges)
Heap operations
Minimum/maximum operations
(C++11)
(C++17)
Lexicographical comparison operations
(C++20)
Permutation operations
C library
Numeric operations
Operations on uninitialized memory
 
Defined in header <algorithm>
template< class InputIt, class ForwardIt >

InputIt find_first_of( InputIt first, InputIt last,

                       ForwardIt s_first, ForwardIt s_last );
 (1) (constexpr since C++20)
template< class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIt1, class ForwardIt2 >

ForwardIt1 find_first_of( ExecutionPolicy&& policy,
                          ForwardIt1 first, ForwardIt1 last,

                          ForwardIt2 s_first, ForwardIt2 s_last );
 (2) (since C++17)
template< class InputIt, class ForwardIt, class BinaryPred >

InputIt find_first_of( InputIt first, InputIt last,
                       ForwardIt s_first, ForwardIt s_last,

                       BinaryPred p );
 (3) (constexpr since C++20)
template< class ExecutionPolicy,

          class ForwardIt1, class ForwardIt2, class BinaryPred >
ForwardIt1 find_first_of( ExecutionPolicy&& policy,
                          ForwardIt1 first, ForwardIt last,
                          ForwardIt2 s_first, ForwardIt2 s_last,

                          BinaryPred p );
 (4) (since C++17)

Searches the range [first, last) for any of the elements in the range [s_first, s_last).

1) Elements are compared using operator==.
3) Elements are compared using the given binary predicate p.
2,4) Same as (1,3), but executed according to policy.
These overloads participate in overload resolution only if

std::is_execution_policy_v<std::decay_t<ExecutionPolicy>> is true.

(until C++20)

std::is_execution_policy_v<std::remove_cvref_t<ExecutionPolicy>> is true.

(since C++20)

Contents

[edit] Parameters

first, last - the range of elements to examine
s_first, s_last - the range of elements to search for
policy - the execution policy to use. See execution policy for details.
p - binary predicate which returns ​true if the elements should be treated as equal.

The signature of the predicate function should be equivalent to the following:

 bool pred(const Type1 &a, const Type2 &b);

While the signature does not need to have const &, the function must not modify the objects passed to it and must be able to accept all values of type (possibly const) Type1 and Type2 regardless of value category (thus, Type1 & is not allowed, nor is Type1 unless for Type1 a move is equivalent to a copy(since C++11)).
The types Type1 and Type2 must be such that objects of types ForwardIt1 and ForwardIt2 can be dereferenced and then implicitly converted to Type1 and Type2 respectively. ​

Type requirements
-
InputIt must meet the requirements of LegacyInputIterator.
-
ForwardIt must meet the requirements of LegacyForwardIterator.
-
ForwardIt1 must meet the requirements of LegacyForwardIterator.
-
ForwardIt2 must meet the requirements of LegacyForwardIterator.
-
BinaryPred must meet the requirements of BinaryPredicate.

[edit] Return value

Iterator to the first element in the range [first, last) that is equal to an element from the range [s_first, s_last).

If [s_first, s_last) is empty or if no such element is found, last is returned.

[edit] Complexity

Given N as std::distance(first, last) and S as std::distance(s_first, s_last):

1,2) At most N·S comparisons using operator==.
3,4) At most N·S applications of the predicate p.

[edit] Exceptions

The overloads with a template parameter named ExecutionPolicy report errors as follows:

  • If execution of a function invoked as part of the algorithm throws an exception and ExecutionPolicy is one of the standard policies, std::terminate is called. For any other ExecutionPolicy, the behavior is implementation-defined.
  • If the algorithm fails to allocate memory, std::bad_alloc is thrown.

[edit] Possible implementation

find_first_of (1) 
template<class InputIt, class ForwardIt>
InputIt find_first_of(InputIt first, InputIt last,
                      ForwardIt s_first, ForwardIt s_last)
{
    for (; first != last; ++first)
        for (ForwardIt it = s_first; it != s_last; ++it)
            if (*first == *it)
                return first;
    return last;
}
find_first_of (3) 
template<class InputIt, class ForwardIt, class BinaryPred>
InputIt find_first_of(InputIt first, InputIt last,
                      ForwardIt s_first, ForwardIt s_last,
                      BinaryPred p)
{
    for (; first != last; ++first)
        for (ForwardIt it = s_first; it != s_last; ++it)
            if (p(*first, *it))
                return first;
    return last;
}

[edit] Example

The following code searches for any of specified integers in a vector of integers:

Run this code
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
 
auto print_sequence = [](const auto id, const auto& seq, int pos = -1)
{
    std::cout << id << "{ ";
    for (int i{}; auto const& e : seq)
    {
        const bool mark{i == pos};
        std::cout << (i++ ? ", " : "");
        std::cout << (mark ? "[ " : "") << e << (mark ? " ]" : "");
    }
    std::cout << " }\n";
};
 
int main()
{
    const std::vector<int> v{0, 2, 3, 25, 5};
    const auto t1 = {19, 10, 3, 4};
    const auto t2 = {1, 6, 7, 9};
 
    auto find_any_of = [](const auto& v, const auto& t)
    {
        const auto result = std::find_first_of(v.begin(), v.end(),
                                               t.begin(), t.end());
        if (result == v.end())
        {
            std::cout << "No elements of v are equal to any element of ";
            print_sequence("t = ", t);
            print_sequence("v = ", v);
        }
        else
        {
            const auto pos = std::distance(v.begin(), result);
            std::cout << "Found a match (" << *result << ") at position " << pos;
            print_sequence(", where t = ", t);
            print_sequence("v = ", v, pos);
        }
    };
 
    find_any_of(v, t1);
    find_any_of(v, t2);
}

Output: 

Found a match (3) at position 2, where t = { 19, 10, 3, 4 }
v = { 0, 2, [ 3 ], 25, 5 }
No elements of v are equal to any element of t = { 1, 6, 7, 9 }
v = { 0, 2, 3, 25, 5 }

[edit] Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR Applied to Behavior as published Correct behavior
LWG 576 C++98 first and last needed to be LegacyForwardIterators they only need to be
LegacyInputIterators
LWG 1205 C++98 the return value was unclear if [s_first, s_last) is empty returns last in this case

[edit] See also

(C++11)
 finds the first element satisfying specific criteria
(function template) [edit]
(C++20)
 searches for any one of a set of elements
(niebloid)[edit]
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