std::ranges::remove, std::ranges::remove_if

 

C++

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Standard library headers

Named requirements

Feature test macros (C++20)

Language support library

Concepts library (C++20)

Metaprogramming library (C++11)

Diagnostics library

General utilities library

Strings library

Containers library

Iterators library

Ranges library (C++20)

Algorithms library

Numerics library

Localizations library

Input/output library

Filesystem library (C++17)

Regular expressions library (C++11)

Concurrency support library (C++11)

Execution support library (C++26)

Technical specifications

Symbols index

External libraries

 

Algorithm library

Constrained algorithms and algorithms on ranges (C++20)
Constrained algorithms, e.g. ranges::copy, ranges::sort, ...
Execution policies (C++17)
is_execution_policy (C++17)   execution::seqexecution::parexecution::par_unseqexecution::unseq (C++17)    (C++17)(C++17)(C++20)	execution::sequenced_policyexecution::parallel_policyexecution::parallel_unsequenced_policyexecution::parallel_unsequenced (C++17)(C++17)(C++17)(C++20)
Non-modifying sequence operations Batch operations for_each for_each_n (C++17) Search operations all_ofany_ofnone_of (C++11)                (C++11)(C++11) countcount_if mismatch equal findfind_iffind_if_not (C++11) find_end find_first_of adjacent_find search search_n Modifying sequence operations Copy operations copycopy_if (C++11) copy_backward copy_n (C++11) move (C++11) move_backward (C++11) Swap operations swap iter_swap swap_ranges Transformation operations replacereplace_if transform replace_copyreplace_copy_if Generation operations fill fill_n generate generate_n Removing operations removeremove_if unique remove_copyremove_copy_if unique_copy Order-changing operations reverse reverse_copy rotate rotate_copy random_shuffleshuffle (until C++17)(C++11) shift_leftshift_right (C++20)(C++20) Sampling operations sample (C++17)	Sorting and related operations Partitioning operations partition partition_copy (C++11)   stable_partition is_partitioned (C++11) partition_point (C++11) Sorting operations sort stable_sort partial_sort partial_sort_copy is_sorted (C++11) is_sorted_until (C++11) nth_element Binary search operations (on partitioned ranges) lower_bound upper_bound equal_range binary_search Set operations (on sorted ranges) includes set_union set_intersection set_difference set_symmetric_difference Merge operations (on sorted ranges) merge inplace_merge Heap operations push_heap pop_heap make_heap sort_heap is_heap (C++11) is_heap_until (C++11) Minimum/maximum operations max min minmax (C++11) clamp (C++17) max_element min_element minmax_element (C++11) Lexicographical comparison operations lexicographical_compare lexicographical_compare_three_way (C++20) Permutation operations next_permutation prev_permutation is_permutation (C++11) C library qsort bsearch
Numeric operations
iota (C++11) inner_product adjacent_difference    accumulate reduce (C++17) transform_reduce (C++17)	partial_sum inclusive_scan (C++17)    exclusive_scan (C++17) transform_inclusive_scan (C++17) transform_exclusive_scan (C++17)
Operations on uninitialized memory
uninitialized_copy uninitialized_move (C++17)    uninitialized_fill uninitialized_copy_n (C++11) uninitialized_move_n (C++17) uninitialized_fill_n	destroy (C++17) destroy_n (C++17) destroy_at (C++17) construct_at (C++20)       uninitialized_default_construct (C++17) uninitialized_value_construct (C++17) uninitialized_default_construct_n (C++17) uninitialized_value_construct_n (C++17)

 

Constrained algorithms

All names in this menu belong to namespace std::ranges

Non-modifying sequence operations

all_ofany_ofnone_of for_each for_each_n    countcount_if adjacent_find mismatch equal lexicographical_compare    containscontains_subrange (C++23)(C++23) findfind_iffind_if_not find_lastfind_last_iffind_last_if_not (C++23)(C++23)(C++23)   find_end find_first_of search search_n starts_with (C++23) ends_with (C++23)

Modifying sequence operations

copycopy_if copy_n copy_backward    move move_backward shift_leftshift_right (C++23)(C++23)   fill fill_n generate generate_n    transform swap_ranges    shuffle sample removeremove_if replacereplace_if reverse rotate remove_copyremove_copy_if    unique replace_copyreplace_copy_if reverse_copy rotate_copy unique_copy

Partitioning operations

is_partitioned    partition_point    partition    partition_copy    stable_partition

Sorting operations

is_sorted is_sorted_until     sort stable_sort         partial_sort       nth_element partial_sort_copy

Binary search operations (on sorted ranges)

lower_bound         upper_bound         binary_search      equal_range

Set operations (on sorted ranges)

merge inplace_merge       set_difference set_intersection    set_union          includes set_symmetric_difference

Heap operations

is_heap is_heap_until       make_heap           sort_heap push_heap pop_heap

Minimum/maximum operations

max max_element         min min_element         minmax minmax_element     clamp

Permutation operations

is_permutation      next_permutation    prev_permutation

Fold operations

fold_left (C++23) fold_left_first (C++23)   fold_right (C++23) fold_right_last (C++23)   fold_left_with_iter (C++23) fold_left_first_with_iter (C++23)

Numeric operations iota (C++23)             Random number generation generate_random (C++26)

Operations on uninitialized storage

construct_at    destroy destroy_n destroy_at uninitialized_copy    uninitialized_move uninitialized_fill uninitialized_copy_n    uninitialized_move_n uninitialized_fill_n uninitialized_default_construct uninitialized_default_construct_n uninitialized_value_construct uninitialized_value_construct_n

Return types

in_fun_result in_in_result in_found_result    in_out_result in_in_out_result    in_out_out_result    min_max_result out_value_result (C++23) in_value_result (C++23)

 

Defined in header <algorithm>
Call signature
	(1)
template< std::permutable I, std::sentinel_for<I> S,           class T, class Proj = std::identity > requires std::indirect_binary_predicate              <ranges::equal_to, std::projected<I, Proj>, const T*> constexpr ranges::subrange<I>     remove( I first, S last, const T& value, Proj proj = {} );			(since C++20) (until C++26)
template< std::permutable I, std::sentinel_for<I> S,           class Proj = std::identity,           class T = std::projected_value_t<I, Proj> > requires std::indirect_binary_predicate              <ranges::equal_to, std::projected<I, Proj>, const T*> constexpr ranges::subrange<I>     remove( I first, S last, const T& value, Proj proj = {} );			(since C++26)
		(2)
template< ranges::forward_range R,           class T, class Proj = std::identity > requires std::permutable<ranges::iterator_t<R>> &&          std::indirect_binary_predicate              <ranges::equal_to,               std::projected<ranges::iterator_t<R>, Proj>, const T*> constexpr ranges::borrowed_subrange_t<R>     remove( R&& r, const T& value, Proj proj = {} );				(since C++20) (until C++26)
template< ranges::forward_range R,           class Proj = std::identity,           class T = std::projected_value_t<ranges::iterator_t<R>, Proj> > requires std::permutable<ranges::iterator_t<R>> &&          std::indirect_binary_predicate              <ranges::equal_to,               std::projected<ranges::iterator_t<R>, Proj>, const T*> constexpr ranges::borrowed_subrange_t<R>     remove( R&& r, const T& value, Proj proj = {} );				(since C++26)
template< std::permutable I, std::sentinel_for<I> S,           class Proj = std::identity,           std::indirect_unary_predicate<std::projected<I, Proj>> Pred > constexpr ranges::subrange<I>     remove_if( I first, S last, Pred pred, Proj proj = {} );			(3)	(since C++20)
template< ranges::forward_range R,           class Proj = std::identity,           std::indirect_unary_predicate               <std::projected<ranges::iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred > requires std::permutable<ranges::iterator_t<R>> constexpr ranges::borrowed_subrange_t<R>     remove_if( R&& r, Pred pred, Proj proj = {} );			(4)	(since C++20)

Removes all elements satisfying specific criteria from the range [first, last) and returns a subrange [ret, last), where ret is a past-the-end iterator for the new end of the range.

1) Removes all elements that are equal to value, using std::invoke(proj, *i) == value to compare.

3) Removes all elements for which std::invoke(pred, std::invoke(proj, *i)) returns true.

2,4) Same as (1,3), but uses r as the range, as if using ranges::begin(r) as first and ranges::end(r) as last.

Removing is done by shifting (by means of move assignment) the elements in the range in such a way that the elements that are not to be removed appear in the beginning of the range. Relative order of the elements that remain is preserved and the physical size of the container is unchanged. Iterators pointing to an element between the new logical end and the physical end of the range are still dereferenceable, but the elements themselves have unspecified values (as per MoveAssignable post-condition).

The function-like entities described on this page are niebloids, that is:

• Explicit template argument lists cannot be specified when calling any of them.
• None of them are visible to argument-dependent lookup.
• When any of them are found by normal unqualified lookup as the name to the left of the function-call operator, argument-dependent lookup is inhibited.

In practice, they may be implemented as function objects, or with special compiler extensions.

Parameters

first, last	-	the range of elements to process
r	-	the range of elements to process
value	-	the value of elements to remove
pred	-	predicate to apply to the projected elements
proj	-	projection to apply to the elements

Return value

{ret, last}, where [first, ret) is the resulting subrange after removal, and the elements in subrange [ret, last) are all in valid but unspecified state, i.e. [ret, last) is the subrange to be erased.

Complexity

Exactly N applications of the corresponding predicate and any projection, where N = ranges::distance(first, last), and N - 1 move operations at worst.

Notes

A call to ranges::remove is typically followed by a call to a container's erase member function, which erases the unspecified values and reduces the physical size of the container to match its new logical size. These two invocations together constitute a so-called Erase-remove idiom, which can be achieved by the free function std::erase that has overloads for all standard sequence containers, or std::erase_if that has overloads for all standard containers.

The similarly-named container member functions list::remove, list::remove_if, forward_list::remove, and forward_list::remove_if erase the removed elements.

These algorithms usually cannot be used with associative containers such as std::set and std::map because their iterator types do not dereference to MoveAssignable types (the keys in these containers are not modifiable).

Because ranges::remove takes value by reference, it can have unexpected behavior if it is a reference to an element of the range [first, last).

Possible implementation

remove
struct remove_fn { template<std::permutable I, std::sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = std::identity, class T = std::projected_value_t<I, Proj>> requires std::indirect_binary_predicate <ranges::equal_to, std::projected<I, Proj>, const T*> constexpr ranges::subrange<I> operator()(I first, S last, const T& value, Proj proj = {}) const { first = ranges::find(std::move(first), last, value, proj); if (first != last) { for (I i{std::next(first)}; i != last; ++i) if (value != std::invoke(proj, *i)) { *first = ranges::iter_move(i); ++first; } } return {first, last}; }   template<ranges::forward_range R, class Proj = std::identity, class T = std::projected_value_t<ranges::iterator_t<R>, Proj>> requires std::permutable<ranges::iterator_t<R>> && std::indirect_binary_predicate <ranges::equal_to, std::projected<ranges::iterator_t<R>, Proj>, const T*> constexpr ranges::borrowed_subrange_t<R> operator()(R&& r, const T& value, Proj proj = {}) const { return (*this)(ranges::begin(r), ranges::end(r), value, std::move(proj)); } };   inline constexpr remove_fn remove {};
remove_if
struct remove_if_fn { template<std::permutable I, std::sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = std::identity, std::indirect_unary_predicate<std::projected<I, Proj>> Pred> constexpr ranges::subrange<I> operator()(I first, S last, Pred pred, Proj proj = {}) const { first = ranges::find_if(std::move(first), last, pred, proj); if (first != last) { for (I i{std::next(first)}; i != last; ++i) if (!std::invoke(pred, std::invoke(proj, *i))) { *first = ranges::iter_move(i); ++first; } } return {first, last}; }   template<ranges::forward_range R, class Proj = std::identity, std::indirect_unary_predicate <std::projected<ranges::iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred> requires std::permutable<ranges::iterator_t<R>> constexpr ranges::borrowed_subrange_t<R> operator()(R&& r, Pred pred, Proj proj = {}) const { return (*this)(ranges::begin(r), ranges::end(r), pred, std::move(proj)); } };   inline constexpr remove_if_fn remove_if {};

Notes

Feature-test macro	Value	Std	Feature
__cpp_lib_algorithm_default_value_type	202403	(C++26)	List-initialization for algorithms (1,2)

Example

Run this code

#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <complex>
#include <cctype>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
#include <vector>
 
int main()
{
    std::string v1{"No - Diagnostic - Required"};
    std::cout << std::quoted(v1) << " (v1, size: " << v1.size() << ")\n";
    const auto ret = std::ranges::remove(v1, ' ');
    std::cout << std::quoted(v1) << " (v1 after `remove`, size: " << v1.size() << ")\n";
    std::cout << ' ' << std::string(std::distance(v1.begin(), ret.begin()), '^') << '\n';
    v1.erase(ret.begin(), ret.end());
    std::cout << std::quoted(v1) << " (v1 after `erase`, size: " << v1.size() << ")\n\n";
 
    // remove_if with custom unary predicate:
    auto rm = [](char c) { return !std::isupper(c); };
    std::string v2{"Substitution Failure Is Not An Error"};
    std::cout << std::quoted(v2) << " (v2, size: " << v2.size() << ")\n";
    const auto [first, last] = std::ranges::remove_if(v2, rm);
    std::cout << std::quoted(v2) << " (v2 after `remove_if`, size: " << v2.size() << ")\n";
    std::cout << ' ' << std::string(std::distance(v2.begin(), first), '^') << '\n';
    v2.erase(first, last);
    std::cout << std::quoted(v2) << " (v2 after `erase`, size: " << v2.size() << ")\n\n";
 
    // creating a view into a container that is modified by `remove_if`:
    for (std::string s : {"Small Object Optimization", "Non-Type Template Parameter"})
        std::cout << std::quoted(s) << " => "
            << std::string_view{begin(s), std::ranges::remove_if(s, rm).begin()} << '\n';
 
    std::vector<std::complex<double>> nums{{2, 2}, {1, 3}, {4, 8}};
    #ifdef __cpp_lib_algorithm_default_value_type
        auto e = std::ranges::remove(nums, {1, 3}); // T gets deduced
    #else
        auto e = std::ranges::remove(nums, std::complex<double>{1, 3});
    #endif
    nums.erase(e.begin(), e.end());
    assert((nums == std::vector<std::complex<double>>{{2, 2}, {4, 8}}));
}

Possible output:

"No _ Diagnostic _ Required" (v1, size: 26)
"No_Diagnostic_Requiredired" (v1 after `remove`, size: 26)
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
"No_Diagnostic_Required" (v1 after `erase`, size: 22)
 
"Substitution Failure Is Not An Error" (v2, size: 36)
"SFINAEtution Failure Is Not An Error" (v2 after `remove_if`, size: 36)
 ^^^^^^
"SFINAE" (v2 after `erase`, size: 6)
 
"Small Object Optimization" => SOO
"Non-Type Template Parameter" => NTTP

See also

ranges::remove_copyranges::remove_copy_if (C++20)(C++20)	copies a range of elements omitting those that satisfy specific criteria (niebloid)
ranges::unique (C++20)	removes consecutive duplicate elements in a range (niebloid)
removeremove_if	removes elements satisfying specific criteria (function template)